Difference between revisions of "Prunella vulgaris"
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| − | '' | + | Scientific Name: ''Prunella vulgaris'' |
| − | + | Family: Lamiaceae | |
| + | Common names: self-heal, all-heal, healall | ||
| + | |||
| + | Codon: PRUVUL | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Taxonomy === | ||
{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| − | | name = | + | | name = Ranunculus occidentalis |
| − | + | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | |
| − | + | ||
| − | | regnum = | + | |
| subregnum = Tracheobionta | | subregnum = Tracheobionta | ||
| phylum = Spermatophyta | | phylum = Spermatophyta | ||
| subphylum= Magnoliophyta | | subphylum= Magnoliophyta | ||
| classis = Magnoliopsida | | classis = Magnoliopsida | ||
| − | | subclassis = | + | | subclassis = Asteranae |
| ordo = Lamiales | | ordo = Lamiales | ||
| familia = Lamiaceae | | familia = Lamiaceae | ||
| − | | genus = '''''Prunella '''''L. | + | | genus = '''''Prunella''''' L. |
| − | | species = '''''Prunella vulgaris ''''' | + | | species = '''''Prunella vulgaris''''' Nutt. |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | ===Description=== | |
| − | ==Description== | + | |
General: Perennial herb from an enlarged stem-base or short rhizome, fibrous-rooted; stems solitary or clustered, erect to spreading or reclining, 10-50 cm long, short-hairy to glabrous, 4-angled. | General: Perennial herb from an enlarged stem-base or short rhizome, fibrous-rooted; stems solitary or clustered, erect to spreading or reclining, 10-50 cm long, short-hairy to glabrous, 4-angled. | ||
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Flower: Inflorescence of many flowers in dense terminal spikes, 2-5 cm long, about 1.5-2 cm wide, usually subtended by upper leaves; bracts kidney- to egg-shaped, about 1 cm long, reddish, tips pointed, margins hairy; corollas tubular, blue-violet or occasionally pink or white, 10-15 mm long in bisexual flowers, 8-11 mm long in pistillate flowers, fine-hairy inside, 2-lipped, the upper lip hood-like and entire, the lower lip 3-lobed with broad middle lobe; calyces dark green to purplish, 7-10 mm long, 2-lipped, lips longer than tube, the upper lip squared-off and with 3 short awns, the lower lip with 2 lanceolate spine-tipped teeth. | Flower: Inflorescence of many flowers in dense terminal spikes, 2-5 cm long, about 1.5-2 cm wide, usually subtended by upper leaves; bracts kidney- to egg-shaped, about 1 cm long, reddish, tips pointed, margins hairy; corollas tubular, blue-violet or occasionally pink or white, 10-15 mm long in bisexual flowers, 8-11 mm long in pistillate flowers, fine-hairy inside, 2-lipped, the upper lip hood-like and entire, the lower lip 3-lobed with broad middle lobe; calyces dark green to purplish, 7-10 mm long, 2-lipped, lips longer than tube, the upper lip squared-off and with 3 short awns, the lower lip with 2 lanceolate spine-tipped teeth. | ||
| − | Fruit: Nutlets, 4 clustered together, egg-shaped, smooth. | + | Fruit: Nutlets, 4 clustered together, egg-shaped, smooth. <ref name="UBC">[http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Prunella+vulgaris Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia]</ref> |
| − | + | ||
| + | 2 varieties in Salish Sea area, ''Prunella vulgaris'' var. ''lanceolata,'' a widespread native variety, with middle cauline leaves about one third wide as long and more tapering towards the base, and ''Prunella vulgaris'' var. ''vulgaris,'' introduced from Europe, middle cauline leaves about half as wide as long, with broadly rounded bases, stems often more decumbent than erect.<ref name=":0">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, | ||
| + | B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual''. | ||
| + | Seattle: University of Washington Press.</ref> | ||
| − | ==Distribution== | + | ===Distribution=== |
| − | + | Alaska south, both sides of Cascades to California, East to Atlantic.<ref name=":0" /> | |
| − | ==Habitat== | + | ===Habitat=== |
| − | Common in Mesic to dry roadsides, waste places, lawns, fields and open forests in the lowland, steppe and montane zones. <ref name="UBC"/> | + | Common in Mesic to dry roadsides, waste places, lawns, fields and open forests in the lowland, steppe and montane zones. <ref name="UBC" /> |
| − | ==Propagation== | + | ===Propagation=== |
Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed. Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time. Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size. Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring. | Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed. Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time. Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size. Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring. | ||
| − | <ref name="UBC"/> | + | <ref name="UBC" /> |
| + | === Uses === | ||
| + | ''Prunella vulgaris'' has a long history of medicinal use everywhere it grows, as alluded to by its common name. <ref>Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). ''Vascular plants | ||
| + | of the South Sound prairies'' (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen | ||
| + | State College Press.</ref> | ||
| + | Fore example, use as a skin medicine for boils, cuts, bruises, and inflammation by Salish and Quinalt peoples, Haudenosaunee use as an infusion for shortness or heaviness of breath, or for beravement, Niitsitapi use as an eyewash to keep eyes moist in harsh winds.<ref>Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=prunella+vulgaris</nowiki></ref> | ||
===Seed=== | ===Seed=== | ||
| Line 71: | Line 77: | ||
===Photo Gallery=== | ===Photo Gallery=== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
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| − | |||
File:Prunella vulgaris.png | File:Prunella vulgaris.png | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
| − | < | + | <references /> |
''Prunella vulgaris''. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. | ''Prunella vulgaris''. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. | ||
Revision as of 12:50, 9 May 2020
Scientific Name: Prunella vulgaris
Family: Lamiaceae
Common names: self-heal, all-heal, healall
Codon: PRUVUL
Contents
Taxonomy
| Ranunculus occidentalis | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Subkingdom: | Tracheobionta |
| Phylum: | Spermatophyta |
| Subphylum: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Subclass: | Asteranae |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Prunella L. |
| Species: | Prunella vulgaris Nutt. |
Description
General: Perennial herb from an enlarged stem-base or short rhizome, fibrous-rooted; stems solitary or clustered, erect to spreading or reclining, 10-50 cm long, short-hairy to glabrous, 4-angled.
Laeves: All stem leaves or some basal; opposite, lanceolate or elliptic to broadly egg-shaped, 2-7 cm long, 0.7-4 cm wide, entire or obscurely toothed, glabrous or lightly hairy; stalks 5-30 mm long; lower leaves often broader with more rounded base than upper.
Flower: Inflorescence of many flowers in dense terminal spikes, 2-5 cm long, about 1.5-2 cm wide, usually subtended by upper leaves; bracts kidney- to egg-shaped, about 1 cm long, reddish, tips pointed, margins hairy; corollas tubular, blue-violet or occasionally pink or white, 10-15 mm long in bisexual flowers, 8-11 mm long in pistillate flowers, fine-hairy inside, 2-lipped, the upper lip hood-like and entire, the lower lip 3-lobed with broad middle lobe; calyces dark green to purplish, 7-10 mm long, 2-lipped, lips longer than tube, the upper lip squared-off and with 3 short awns, the lower lip with 2 lanceolate spine-tipped teeth.
Fruit: Nutlets, 4 clustered together, egg-shaped, smooth. [1]
2 varieties in Salish Sea area, Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata, a widespread native variety, with middle cauline leaves about one third wide as long and more tapering towards the base, and Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris, introduced from Europe, middle cauline leaves about half as wide as long, with broadly rounded bases, stems often more decumbent than erect.[2]
Distribution
Alaska south, both sides of Cascades to California, East to Atlantic.[2]
Habitat
Common in Mesic to dry roadsides, waste places, lawns, fields and open forests in the lowland, steppe and montane zones. [1]
Propagation
Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed. Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time. Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size. Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring. [1]
Uses
Prunella vulgaris has a long history of medicinal use everywhere it grows, as alluded to by its common name. [3]
Fore example, use as a skin medicine for boils, cuts, bruises, and inflammation by Salish and Quinalt peoples, Haudenosaunee use as an infusion for shortness or heaviness of breath, or for beravement, Niitsitapi use as an eyewash to keep eyes moist in harsh winds.[4]
Seed
Seed sample from: 2010
Average Measurement: 2.1 x 1.6 x 1.1
Measurement Range: L: 1.8 - 2.3, W: 1.3 - 1.9, D: 0.75 - 1.2
Features
Shape: Seeds narrow at hilum end and broadening at opposite apex. Hilum protruding in a “v” or “u” shape.
Color: Seeds dark brown with black ribbing. Hilum white.
Surface: Seeds longitudinally striated with darker lines. Entire seed is very glossy, especially hilum.
Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical 
Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical 
Basic Explanations and Assumptions:
The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.
Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.
All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.
Photo Gallery
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- ↑ Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). Vascular plants of the South Sound prairies (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College Press.
- ↑ Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=prunella+vulgaris
Prunella vulgaris. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
