Difference between revisions of "User:Flezac19"

From Puget Prairie Plants
 
(99 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
'''''Dichanthelium acuminatum''''' is a species of grass from the genus ''[[Dichanthelium]]'', in [[North America]].  
+
''Elymus trachycaulus'', also called Slender Wheat Grass. [[Other names: (English, First People's, etc.)]] is a native perennial bunchgrass found in the Puget Prairie ecosystem, belonging to poaceae, the grass family.  
  
−
''D. acuminatum'' forms a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization complex]] with other ''Dichanthelium'' species such as ''D. dichotomum'', ''D.  sphaerocarpon'', ''D. ovale'', and ''D. aciculare''.  
+
==Taxonomy==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
*'''Kingdom''' Plantae – Plants <br>
 +
*'''Subkingdom''' Tracheobionta – Vascular plants  <br>
 +
*'''Superdivision''' Spermatophyta – Seed plants <br>
 +
*'''Division''' Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants <br>
 +
*'''Class''' Liliopsida – Monocotyledons <br>
 +
*'''Subclass''' Commelinidae <br>
 +
*'''Order''' Cyperales <br>
 +
*'''Family''' Poaceae – Grass family <br>
 +
*'''Genus''' Elymus L. – wildrye <br>
 +
*'''Species''' Elymus glaucus Buckley – blue wildrye <br>
 +
*'''Subspecies'''  ''Elymus trachycaulus'' (Link) Gould ex Shinners – slender wheatgrass
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
−
[[Image:Dandelion13.jpg|thumb|left|Head in full bloom]]
 
−
''Taraxacum officinale'' grows from generally unbranched taproots and produces one to more than ten stems that are typically 5 to 40&nbsp;cm tall but sometimes up to 70&nbsp;cm tall. The stems can be tinted purplish, they are upright or lax, and produce flower heads that are held as tall or taller than the foliage. The foliage is upright growing or horizontally orientated, with leaves having narrowly winged petioles or being unwinged. The stems can be glabrous or are sparsely covered with short hairs. The 5–45&nbsp;cm long and 1–10&nbsp;cm wide leaves are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate in shape with the bases gradually narrowing to the petiole. The leaf margins are typically shallowly lobed to deeply lobed and often lacerate or toothed with sharp or dull teeth. The calyculi (the cup like bracts that hold the florets) is composed of 12 to 18 segments: each segment is reflexed and sometimes glaucous. The lanceolate shaped bractlets are in 2 series with the apices acuminate in shape. The 14 to 25&nbsp;mm wide involucres are green to dark green or brownish green with the tips dark gray or purplish. The florets number 40 to over 100 per head, having corollas that are yellow or orange-yellow in color. The fruits, which are called cypselae, range in color from olive-green or olive-brown to straw-colored to grayish, they are oblanceoloid in shape and 2 to 3&nbsp;mm long with slender beaks. The fruits have 4 to 12 ribs that have sharp edges. The silky [[Pappus (flower structure)|pappi]], which form the parachutes, are white to silver-white in color and around 6&nbsp;mm wide. Plants typically have 24 or 40 pairs of chromosomes but some plants have 16 or 32 chromosomes.<ref name="efloras.org"/> Plants have milky sap and the leaves are all basal, each flowering stem lacks bracts and has one single flower head. The yellow flower heads lack receptacle bracts and all the flowers, which are called [[floret]]s, are ligulate and bisexual. The fruits are mostly produced by [[apomixis]].<ref name="Morley1969"/> It blooms from March until October,<ref name="The Wild Flower Key"/>
 
  
−
==Taxonomy==
+
Slender wheatgrass is a perennial, cool-season, short-lived, coarse, tufted bunchgrass. Leaves are from 3 to 13 inches (8-33 cm) long and 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.6-1.3 cm) wide, with basal leaves longer than upper leaves.  The culms are erect, ranging from 6 to 48 inches (8-120 cm) in height, and bear terminal, erect spikes.  The root system is dense, consisting of coarse and fine fibrous roots which extend beyond 12 inches (30 cm) in depth.  One author has reported this species as having short rhizomes.  The dense root system makes this species moderately drought tolerant.
−
[[Image:Dandelion12.jpg|thumb|right|Ripe fruits]]
+
−
The taxonomy of the genus ''[[Taraxacum]]'' is complicated by [[apomictic]] and [[polyploid]] lineages,<ref name="Wittzell1999"/><ref name="Dijk2003"/> and the taxonomy and nomenclatural situation of ''Taraxacum officinale'' is not yet fully resolved,<ref name="efloras.org"/> The taxonomy of this species has in the past been complicated by the recognition of numerous species,<ref name="Tutin1976"/> [[subspecies]] and [[microspecies]]. E.g. Rothmaler's flora of Germany recognizes roughly 70 microspecies.<ref name="Exkursionsflora: Kritischer Ergänzungsband Gefäßpflanzen"/>
+
−
The plants introduced to North America are triploids that reproduce by obligate gametophytic apomixis<ref name="efloras.org"/><ref name="Clonal diversity in ''Taraxacum officinale'' (Compositae), an apomict"/> Some authorities recognize three subspecies of ''Taraxacum officinale'' including:<ref name="ITIS Standard Report Page: Taraxacum officinale"/><ref name="BarnesNelson2007"/>
+
  
−
*''Taraxacum officinale'' ssp. ''ceratophorum'' (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thellung which is commonly called common dandelion, fleshy dandelion, horned dandelion or rough dandelion. It is native to Canada and the western US.<ref name="usda"/> Some sources list it as a species, ''Taraxacum ceratophorum''.<ref name="Taraxacum ceratophorum"/><ref name="efloras"/>
+
[[Image:1418_ELTR_JeanPawek2011.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|''Elymus trachycaulus'' by Jean Pawek, 2011.  
−
*''Taraxacum officinale'' ssp. ''officinale'', which is commonly called common dandelion or wandering dandelion.
+
<br/>
−
*''Taraxacum officinale'' ssp. ''vulgare ''(Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller, which is commonly called common dandelion.
+
This is a file from the CalPhotos Photo Database, where the author generously designated it to be freely used.]]
  
−
Two of them have been introduced and established in Alaska and the third (ssp. ceratophorum ) is native there.<ref name="Httpakweedsuaaalaskaedupdfsspecies_bios_pdfsSpecies_bios_TAOFpdf"/>
+
==Bloom Period==
  
−
''Taraxacum officinale'' has historically had many English common names including: blowball, lion's-tooth, cankerwort, milk-witch, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown and puff-ball;<ref name="An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian"/> other common names include, faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed, canker-wort,<ref name="nps"/> and swine's snout.<ref name="Loewer2001"/>
+
July-August
  
−
[[Carl Linnaeus]] named the species ''[[Leontodon]] Taraxacum'' in 1753. The genus name ''Taraxacum'', might be from the [[Arabic]] word "''Tharakhchakon''",<ref name="Morley1969"/> or from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "''Tarraxos''".<ref name="Kowalchik"/> The common name "dandelion," comes from the [[French language|French]] phrase "''dent de lion''" which means "lion's tooth", in reference to the jagged shaped foliage.<ref name=Kowalchik/>
+
==Distribution==
  
−
==Weeds==
+
Slender wheatgrass is widely distributed across North America.  Its range extends from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Arkansas, Texas, and western Mexico.
−
''Taraxacum officinale'' is a common colonizer after fires, both from wind blown seeds and seed germination from the seed bank.<ref name="Taraxacum officinale"/> The seeds remain viable in the seed bank for many years, with one study showing germination after nine years.<ref name="en.wikipedia.org"/> This species is a somewhat prolific seed producer, with 54 to 172 seeds produced per head, and a single plant can produce more than 5,000 seeds a year.<ref name="en.wikipedia.org"/> It is estimated that more than 97,000,000 seeds/[[hectare]] could be produced yearly by a dense stand of dandelions. When released, the seeds can be spread by the wind up to several hundred meters from their source, the seeds are also a common contaminate in crop and forage seeds. The plants are adaptable to most soils and the seeds are not dependent on cold temperatures before they will germinate but they need to be within the top 2.5 centimeters of soil.<ref name="Httpakweedsuaaalaskaedupdfsspecies_bios_pdfsSpecies_bios_TAOFpdf" />
+
  
−
Dandelion (''Taraxacum officinale'') has also been linked to outbreaks of [[stringhalt]] in horses.<ref name="eques"/><ref name="theveterinarian"/>
+
==Habitat==
  
−
While not in bloom, this species is sometimes confused with others, such as: ''[[Chondrilla juncea]]'',<ref name="Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board"/> that have similar basal rosettes of foliage.
+
Semiarid ranges, in temperate and boreal forests, and in subalpine, alpine, and subarctic habitat.
 +
Grows in soil textures that are dry to moist, fine and medium-textured, tolerates silt and clay but does best on sandy loam. pH 5.6-9.0 – high salinity tolerance. Low moisture use – high drought tolerance. This grass is shade intolerant.  
  
−
==Distribution==
+
Slender wheatgrass is a pioneer species in primary and secondary succession.
−
Common dandelion is native to Eurasia,<ref name="BojňanskýFargašová2007">{{cite book|author1=Vít Bojňanský|author2=Agáta Fargašová|title=Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QSMe0qHGVaAC&pg=PA751|accessdate=29 October 2010|year=2007|publisher=シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社|isbn=9781402053610|pages=751–}}</ref> and now is naturalized throughout North America, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and India. It occurs in all 50 states of the USA and most Canadian provinces.<ref name="Httpakweedsuaaalaskaedupdfsspecies_bios_pdfsSpecies_bios_TAOFpdf"/>
+
  
 
==Uses==
 
==Uses==
−
[[File:Plate of Wehani rice with sauteed dandelion greens.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A plate of sauteed dandelion greens, with [[Wehani rice]]]]
 
−
While the dandelion is considered a [[weed]] by most gardeners and lawn owners, the plant has several [[culinary]] uses. The specific name ''officinalis'' refers to its value as a [[herb|medicinal herb]], and is derived from the word ''opificina'', later ''officina'', meaning a workshop or pharmacy.<ref name="terminology"/> The flowers are used to make [[Fruit wine#Dandelion wine|dandelion wine]],<ref name="Recipes - Dandelion Wine"/> the greens are used in salads, the roots have been used to make a coffee-like drink and the plant was used by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s as a food and medicine.
 
−
<ref name="Edible and useful plants of California">{{Cite book | author=Clarke, Charlotte Bringle | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Edible and useful plants of California | year=1977 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley  | isbn=0-520-03261-6 | page=191}}</ref>
 
  
−
Dandelions are grown commercially on a small scale as a [[leaf vegetable]]. The leaves (called dandelion greens) can be eaten cooked or raw in various forms, such as in [[soup]] or [[salad]]. They are probably closest in character to [[Mustard plant|mustard]] greens. Usually the young leaves and unopened buds are eaten raw in salads, while older leaves are cooked. Raw leaves have a slightly bitter taste. Dandelion salad is often accompanied with hard boiled [[egg (food)|egg]]s. The leaves are high in [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin C]] and [[iron]], carrying more iron and [[calcium]] than [[spinach]].<ref name="wildmanstevebrill"/>
+
'''Site Rehabilitation''': Slender wheatgrass is recommended for inclusion in reclamation mixes because of its good seedling vigor and establishment qualities. It is also somewhat tolerant of saline soils. Slender wheatgrass seedlings are vigorous and provide good initial plant cover in seed mixtures. Plants tend to be short-lived, thus giving other plants a chance to become established.  
  
−
Dandelion flowers can be used to make dandelion [[wine]], for which there are many recipes.<ref name="jackkeller"/> It has also been used in a [[saison]] [[ale]] called Pissenlit (literally "wet the bed" in French) made by [[Brasserie Fantôme]] in [[Belgium]]. Another recipe using the plant is dandelion flower jam. Ground roasted dandelion root can be used as a [[coffee substitute]]. In [[Silesia]] and also other parts of Poland and world, dandelion flowers are used to make a honey substitute [[syrup]] with added lemon (so-called ''May-honey''). This "honey" is believed to have a medicinal value, in particular against liver problems.<ref name="wydawnictwo"/>
+
'''Wildlife''': High palatability for browsing and grazing animals. Grazed by sage grouse, deer, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, pronghorn, various rodents, and all classes of livestock.  The seeds are eaten by various seed predators.  
  
−
Dandelion root is a registered drug in [[Canada]], sold principally as a [[diuretic]]. A hepatoprotective effect of chemicals extracted from dandelion root has been reported,<ref name="akademiai"/> and the plant is known for it's ability to treat [[jaundice]], [[cholecystitis]] and [[cirrhosis]]. The dandelion also affects the digestive system by acting as a mild [[laxative]], increasing appetite, and improving digestion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Malcolm|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism|year=1979|publisher=Grosset & Dunlap|location=New York|isbn=0-448-15472-2|pages=271|edition=1st Grosset & Dunlap ed.}}</ref>
+
[[Image:Agtr_001_pvp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|''Elymus trachycaulus'' (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. ''trachycaulus'' - slender wheatgrass <br/>
 +
Robert H. Mohlenbrock. USDA NRCS. 1992. ''Western wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species.'' West Region, Sacramento. Courtesy of USDA NRCS Wetland Science Institute.]]
  
−
"[[Dandelion and burdock|Dandelion and Burdock]]" is a soft drink that has long been popular in the [[United Kingdom]] with authentic recipes sold by health food shops. It is unclear whether cheaper supermarket versions actually contain extracts of either plant.
+
==Propagation==
  
−
The milky latex has been used as a mosquito repellent;<ref name="ualberta"/> the milk has also been used to treat warts, as a folk remedy.<ref name="NHM"/> 
+
Seeds should be planted in a firm, weed-free seed bed. Dormant fall planting is preferred for dryland seedings made in areas receiving less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation. Areas receiving over 16 inches of mean annual precipitation and fields that are irrigated can be seeded in late fall or early spring. (Note: dormant fall seedings are more prone to be negatively affected by soil crusting and mid to late spring seedings are more prone to drying out).
 +
Seeds should be drilled to a depth of ¼ to ¾ inch at a Pure Live Seed (PLS) rate of approximately 6 lb PLS/acre for field plantings.
  
−
Yellow or green dye colours can be obtained from the flowers but little colour can be obtained from the roots of the plant.<ref name="natural"/>
+
For critical area plantings, turf applications and broadcast plantings the PLS seeding rate should be 1.5 to 2.0 times the drill seeding rate.  
  
−
''T. officinale'' is food for the [[caterpillar]]s of several [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s), such as the [[tortrix moth]] ''[[Celypha rufana]]''. See also [[List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions]].
+
For native seed mixtures, limit slender wheatgrass to 1 to 2 pounds PLS/acre because higher rates effect the establishment of slower developing native species.  
  
 +
Fertilizer is not recommended for establishment, as it usually benefits the weeds. On disturbed sites fertilizer should be applied according to soil test results.
  
 +
Plant at a rate of approximately 3.4 pounds PLS/acre or 25 to 30 seeds per linear foot of drill row at 36 inch row spacing.
 +
For stand establishment, apply 55 lb/acre of 11-55-0 (high phosphorus fertilizer) as a soil amendment prior to planting or during seeding. If planting into grain stubble, after initial seedling establishment, apply 30 lb/acre nitrogen for dryland or 60 to 80 lb/acre nitrogen for irrigated fields. No additional nitrogen is necessary if planting into summer fallow. Irrigate enough to keep soil moist for establishment and to prevent soil crusting. Seeds should germinate within 8 to 10 days.
 +
 +
Weeds can be controlled after the 3 to 5 leaf stage with low rates of Bromoxynil. Be sure to read and follow all label directions when using any pesticide. Caution should be exercised when using cultivation on young seedlings because of the possibility of uprooting.
 +
 +
For established stands, apply 50 lb/acre nitrogen each year in late fall on dryland and 60 to 80 lb/acre nitrogen in late fall under irrigation.
 +
 +
On established stands keep soil moisture above fifty percent field capacity during the growth period. Before the flowering stage apply enough water to carry plants through pollination. After pollination, irrigate to recharge the soil profile for seed set.
 +
 +
Control weeds chemically (Bromoxynil, Metribuzin, 2,4-D or dicamba), by roguing or mechanical cultivating. 
 +
Seed yields range from 200 to 400 lb/acre in dryland to 500 to 600 lb/acre under irrigation. Seed should be dried to 12 percent or less moisture prior to storage.  Stands can be expected to survive for 3 to 5 years.
 +
 +
 +
===Seed===
 +
[[File:ELTR_LisaHintz_sd_2012.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Elymus trachycaulus'' seeds image by Lisa Hintz, taken at the Evergreen State College, Olympia Campus. Spring 2012.]]
 +
 +
'''Abbreviation:''' ELTR
 +
 +
'''Seed sample from:''' 2009
 +
 +
'''Average Measurement including husk and awn:''' 13.6 x 1.3 x 1
 +
 +
'''Measurement Range including husk and awn: L:''' 11 - 14, W: 1.1 - 1.5, D: 0.9 – 1.1
 +
 +
'''Average Measurement without husk or awn:''' 5.5 x 1.1 x 1
 +
 +
'''Measurement Range without husk or awn:''' L: 5.2 – 5.75, W: 1 - 1.3, D: 0.9 – 1.1
 +
 +
====Features====
 +
 +
'''Shape:''' Awns shorter or equal in length to the length of seed body. Inner seed is deeply concave longitudinally on one side with a tan line running longitudinally down the concave part.
 +
 +
'''Color:''' Husks tan to off white. Seed purple or tan with white membrane attached in parts. Hilium is a light brown circle.
 +
 +
'''Surface:''' The surface of husk is papillose, and husk edges are very finely toothed or bristly.  Awns finely toothed or hairy.
 +
 +
'''Latitudinal cross section:''' elliptical  [[File:ELTR lat.png]]
 +
 +
'''Longitudinal cross section:''' elliptical  [[File:ELTR long.png]]
  
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references/>
 
  
−
<ref name="Barkworth2007">{{cite book|author1=Mary E. Barkworth|title=Manual of Grasses for North America 2007|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Manual_of_grasses_for_North_America.html?id=wLV8nv7BHpcC|accessdate=09 April 2012|date=30 September 2007|publisher=Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press|isbn=9780874216868|pages=11–627}}</ref>
+
 
 +
*USDA, NRCS. 2012. ''Elymus trachycaulus'' (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. ''trachycaulus'' - slender wheatgrass USDA PLANTS Profile, PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELTRT, 7 May 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Retrieved 05/14/2012.
  
 
[[Category:Poaceae]]
 
[[Category:Poaceae]]
 +
 +
 +
 +
=====Image Gallery=====
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:1418_ELTR_JeanPawek2011.jpeg
 +
Image:Agtr_001_pvp.jpg
 +
Image:ELTR_LisaHintz_sd_2012.jpg

Latest revision as of 12:20, 14 May 2012

Elymus trachycaulus, also called Slender Wheat Grass. Other names: (English, First People's, etc.) is a native perennial bunchgrass found in the Puget Prairie ecosystem, belonging to poaceae, the grass family.

Taxonomy

  • Kingdom Plantae – Plants
  • Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
  • Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
  • Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
  • Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
  • Subclass Commelinidae
  • Order Cyperales
  • Family Poaceae – Grass family
  • Genus Elymus L. – wildrye
  • Species Elymus glaucus Buckley – blue wildrye
  • Subspecies Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners – slender wheatgrass

Description

Slender wheatgrass is a perennial, cool-season, short-lived, coarse, tufted bunchgrass. Leaves are from 3 to 13 inches (8-33 cm) long and 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.6-1.3 cm) wide, with basal leaves longer than upper leaves. The culms are erect, ranging from 6 to 48 inches (8-120 cm) in height, and bear terminal, erect spikes. The root system is dense, consisting of coarse and fine fibrous roots which extend beyond 12 inches (30 cm) in depth. One author has reported this species as having short rhizomes. The dense root system makes this species moderately drought tolerant.

Elymus trachycaulus by Jean Pawek, 2011.
This is a file from the CalPhotos Photo Database, where the author generously designated it to be freely used.

Bloom Period

July-August

Distribution

Slender wheatgrass is widely distributed across North America. Its range extends from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Arkansas, Texas, and western Mexico.

Habitat

Semiarid ranges, in temperate and boreal forests, and in subalpine, alpine, and subarctic habitat. Grows in soil textures that are dry to moist, fine and medium-textured, tolerates silt and clay but does best on sandy loam. pH 5.6-9.0 – high salinity tolerance. Low moisture use – high drought tolerance. This grass is shade intolerant.

Slender wheatgrass is a pioneer species in primary and secondary succession.

Uses

Site Rehabilitation: Slender wheatgrass is recommended for inclusion in reclamation mixes because of its good seedling vigor and establishment qualities. It is also somewhat tolerant of saline soils. Slender wheatgrass seedlings are vigorous and provide good initial plant cover in seed mixtures. Plants tend to be short-lived, thus giving other plants a chance to become established.

Wildlife: High palatability for browsing and grazing animals. Grazed by sage grouse, deer, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, pronghorn, various rodents, and all classes of livestock. The seeds are eaten by various seed predators.

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus - slender wheatgrass
Robert H. Mohlenbrock. USDA NRCS. 1992. Western wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. West Region, Sacramento. Courtesy of USDA NRCS Wetland Science Institute.

Propagation

Seeds should be planted in a firm, weed-free seed bed. Dormant fall planting is preferred for dryland seedings made in areas receiving less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation. Areas receiving over 16 inches of mean annual precipitation and fields that are irrigated can be seeded in late fall or early spring. (Note: dormant fall seedings are more prone to be negatively affected by soil crusting and mid to late spring seedings are more prone to drying out). Seeds should be drilled to a depth of ¼ to ¾ inch at a Pure Live Seed (PLS) rate of approximately 6 lb PLS/acre for field plantings.

For critical area plantings, turf applications and broadcast plantings the PLS seeding rate should be 1.5 to 2.0 times the drill seeding rate.

For native seed mixtures, limit slender wheatgrass to 1 to 2 pounds PLS/acre because higher rates effect the establishment of slower developing native species.

Fertilizer is not recommended for establishment, as it usually benefits the weeds. On disturbed sites fertilizer should be applied according to soil test results.

Plant at a rate of approximately 3.4 pounds PLS/acre or 25 to 30 seeds per linear foot of drill row at 36 inch row spacing. For stand establishment, apply 55 lb/acre of 11-55-0 (high phosphorus fertilizer) as a soil amendment prior to planting or during seeding. If planting into grain stubble, after initial seedling establishment, apply 30 lb/acre nitrogen for dryland or 60 to 80 lb/acre nitrogen for irrigated fields. No additional nitrogen is necessary if planting into summer fallow. Irrigate enough to keep soil moist for establishment and to prevent soil crusting. Seeds should germinate within 8 to 10 days.

Weeds can be controlled after the 3 to 5 leaf stage with low rates of Bromoxynil. Be sure to read and follow all label directions when using any pesticide. Caution should be exercised when using cultivation on young seedlings because of the possibility of uprooting.

For established stands, apply 50 lb/acre nitrogen each year in late fall on dryland and 60 to 80 lb/acre nitrogen in late fall under irrigation.

On established stands keep soil moisture above fifty percent field capacity during the growth period. Before the flowering stage apply enough water to carry plants through pollination. After pollination, irrigate to recharge the soil profile for seed set.

Control weeds chemically (Bromoxynil, Metribuzin, 2,4-D or dicamba), by roguing or mechanical cultivating. Seed yields range from 200 to 400 lb/acre in dryland to 500 to 600 lb/acre under irrigation. Seed should be dried to 12 percent or less moisture prior to storage. Stands can be expected to survive for 3 to 5 years.


Seed

Elymus trachycaulus seeds image by Lisa Hintz, taken at the Evergreen State College, Olympia Campus. Spring 2012.

Abbreviation: ELTR

Seed sample from: 2009

Average Measurement including husk and awn: 13.6 x 1.3 x 1

Measurement Range including husk and awn: L: 11 - 14, W: 1.1 - 1.5, D: 0.9 – 1.1

Average Measurement without husk or awn: 5.5 x 1.1 x 1

Measurement Range without husk or awn: L: 5.2 – 5.75, W: 1 - 1.3, D: 0.9 – 1.1

Features

Shape: Awns shorter or equal in length to the length of seed body. Inner seed is deeply concave longitudinally on one side with a tan line running longitudinally down the concave part.

Color: Husks tan to off white. Seed purple or tan with white membrane attached in parts. Hilium is a light brown circle.

Surface: The surface of husk is papillose, and husk edges are very finely toothed or bristly. Awns finely toothed or hairy.

Latitudinal cross section: elliptical ELTR lat.png

Longitudinal cross section: elliptical ELTR long.png


References

  • USDA, NRCS. 2012. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus - slender wheatgrass USDA PLANTS Profile, PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELTRT, 7 May 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Retrieved 05/14/2012.


Image Gallery
  • 1418 ELTR JeanPawek2011.jpeg
  • Agtr 001 pvp.jpg
  • ELTR LisaHintz sd 2012.jpg
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=User:Flezac19&oldid=3125"

The Evergreen State College