Difference between revisions of "Lupinus bicolor"

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[[File:LUBI PatMontegue veg good.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Phto by Pat Montegue|]]
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* Scientific Name: ''Lupinus'' ''bicolor''
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* Family: Fabaceae
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* Common Names: field lupine, small-flowered lupine, two-color lupine
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* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Lupinus'' ''hirsutulus, L.'' ''micranthus, L.'' ''polycarpus, L.'' ''strigulosus''
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* Codon: LUPBIC
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[[File:LUPBIC8.jpg |thumb|Photo by Ben Legler, 2004, also featured on Main Page]]
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===Taxonomy===
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{{Taxobox
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| image =
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| image_caption =Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Featured on Main Page
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| name =
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| subclassis = Rosanae
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| ordo = Fabales
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| familia = Fabaceae
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| genus = ''Lupinus'' L.
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| species = ''''' Lupinus bicolor''''' Lindl.
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| subspecies =
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25966#null</ref>
  
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===Description===
  
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===Plant===
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Native taprooted annual, up to 4 dm tall.
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DESCRIPTION:
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General: This is a small, blue and white, annual lupine growing to 16 in. in height.  
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Leaves are alternate, palmately compound with 5-8 leaflets, appressed hairy on one or both sides.<ref name=":0">In Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of''
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British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis,''
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Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 12:03:17 PM ]</ref>
  
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Plant:
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Produces one, sometimes branched, flowering stem, on which flowers are scattered, not whorled.<ref name=":0" /> Papillonaceous flowers are pale blue to deep purple, with a white area on the banner, often with blue or purple spots, which turns magenta after pollination.<ref name=":1">Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). ''Vascular plants''
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A usually small, grayish, hairy, branched plant with palmately compound leaves and blue-violet and white pea flowers arranged in whorls in short, thick, cone-like racemes.  
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of the South Sound prairies'' (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen''
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State College Press.</ref> The keel is white, generally pointed, with ciliate upper margins.<ref>Teresa Sholars & Rhonda Riggins 2012, ''Lupinus bicolor'', in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) ''Jepson eFlora'', /eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31793, accessed on  June 08, 2020.</ref><ref name=":2">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler,
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B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual''.
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Seattle: University of Washington Press.</ref>
  
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The pods are appressed-hairy, bearing 4-8 seeds.<ref name=":0" />
  
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Flowers: The pea-like flowers occur in a short raceme and are subtended by small, palmately compound leaves.  
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===Bloom Period===
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April to July.<ref name=":1" />
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===Distribution===
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Chiefly west of the Cascades in Washington state, but also in southeastern part of state via the Columbia River Gorge; British Columbia south to California, east to Arizona.<ref name=":2" />
  
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===Habitat===
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Open, gravelly and sandy sites, prairies.<ref name=":2" />
  
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Fruits: Slightly hairy pods to 3cm long.
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===Uses===
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Important nectar source for bees.<ref>''Plant Database''. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin. (2018, November 30). <nowiki>https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LUBI</nowiki>.</ref>
  
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Description 2: 
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Host plant for the Arrowhead Blue butterfly.<ref>''Miniature Lupine, Lupinus bicolor''. California Native Plant Society. <nowiki>https://calscape.org/Lupinus-bicolor-()</nowiki>.</ref>
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This is a small, blue and white, annual lupine growing to 16 in. in height. A usually small, grayish, hairy, branched plant with palmately compound leaves and blue-violet and white pea flowers arranged in whorls in short, thick, cone-like racemes. The pea-like flowers occur in a short raceme and are subtended by small, palmately compound leaves.
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Miniature Lupine and California Poppy (''Eschscholzia californica'') are common companions, the blue cast given to fields by the lupine perfectly complementing the fiery orange of the poppy. There are many other annual lupines. The oldest known viable seeds, discovered in 1967 frozen in a lemming burrow, are from an Arctic lupine estimated to be 10,000 years old; when planted the seeds germinated in 48 hours.
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According to Welch, there is documentation of Northern Pomo use as food, the whole plant, except the roots, baked and eaten as greens, and young greens eaten fresh.<ref>Welch, J. R. (2013). In ''Sprouting valley historical ethnobotany of the northern pomo from Potter Valley, California'' (pp. 87–87). essay, Society of ethnobiology.</ref>
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Description 3:
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Annual, brown-hairy herb, 10-45 cm tall, erect or nearly so. Leaves palmately compound; 5-8 leaflets, to 4 cm long, hairy above (not below). Flowers blue and white, pea-like, small (to 7 mm long); in short clusters. Fruits are slightly hairy pods to 3 cm long
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Distribution: Chiefly west of the Cascades in Washington state, but also in southeastern part of state; British Columbia south to California, east to Arizona.
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Ecological Setting: Open, gravelly and sandy sites; at low elevation.
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Soil Texture: Open, gravelly and sandy places.
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Moisture Regime: Dry to moderately dry.
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Shade Tollerance: Open sunny areas
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Successional Status: Ruderal 
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Wildlife: Important nectar source for bees.
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First Nations: Roots were roasted or pit-cooked, then peeled and often dipped in oolichan grease, before being eaten by the Haida, Tlingit, Lower Chinook and probably other northwest groups. The Haida also dried the roots into cakes - called ‘black bear’s tails’ - for winter use.
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Flowering Time: April to July
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Fruit Ripening Time: May to April
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Seed Collection Time: As pods begin to ripen
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Crop Intervals: Annual
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Number of Seeds Per kg: 5000
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Seed Viability: >90%, even in stored seeds.
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Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction:
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Because pods of lupines pop open when ripe, and disperse their seeds, pods must be collected while still somewhat green. Immature pods should be gently air-dried until they pop and shed their seeds. Coarse materials can be screened from the small (up to 4 m long) seeds. In general, when mature lupine seeds have been well dried, they can be stored for extended periods – up to 30 years at room temperature have been recorded.
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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment:
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Stored lupine seeds have very hard seedcoats that require pretreatment to induce germination. Mechanical scarification, steeped hot water (just off the boil) for 12 hours, and stratification at 1-2 ºC for 10-11 weeks have induced prompt germination. The latter method is the easiest and safest. Seeds should be sown into light gritty, and well drained, soil.
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Several species in the ''Lupinus'' genus are important food plants.
  
 
===Seed===
 
===Seed===
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[[File:Lupinus bicolor.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Lupinus bicolor'']]
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[[File:Lupinus bicolor.jpg|250px|thumb|''Lupinus bicolor'' seeds, photo by Lisa Hintz]]
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'''Abbreviation:''' LUBI
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'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
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Seed surface smooth and glossy, with some small concave pockets.
 
Seed surface smooth and glossy, with some small concave pockets.
  
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'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:LUBI-lat-crosssection.png]]
 
'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:LUBI-lat-crosssection.png]]
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'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:LUBI-long-crosssection.png]]
 
'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:LUBI-long-crosssection.png]]
  
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{{Basics}}
  
  
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===Photo Gallery===
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{{Basics}}
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:LUBI AnitaGoodrich flw good.jpg
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File:LUBI AnitaGoodrich flw good.jpg| Photo by Anita Goodrich
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File:LUBI PatMontegue flw good.jpg
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File:LUBI PatMontegue flw good.jpg| Photo by Pat Montegue
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File:LUPBIC1.jpg|Young growth, courtesy CNLM
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File:Lupinus bicolor.jpg| Seed, photo by Lisa Hintz
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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===References===
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<references />
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SOURCES
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http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LUBI
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http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php
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http://www.goert.ca/propagation_guidelines/forbs/lupinus_bicolor
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Latest revision as of 21:41, 20 March 2021

  • Scientific Name: Lupinus bicolor
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Common Names: field lupine, small-flowered lupine, two-color lupine
  • Synonyms/Misapplications: Lupinus hirsutulus, L. micranthus, L. polycarpus, L. strigulosus
  • Codon: LUPBIC
Photo by Ben Legler, 2004, also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosanae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Lupinus L.
Species: Lupinus bicolor Lindl.

[1]

Description

Native taprooted annual, up to 4 dm tall.

Leaves are alternate, palmately compound with 5-8 leaflets, appressed hairy on one or both sides.[2]

Produces one, sometimes branched, flowering stem, on which flowers are scattered, not whorled.[2] Papillonaceous flowers are pale blue to deep purple, with a white area on the banner, often with blue or purple spots, which turns magenta after pollination.[3] The keel is white, generally pointed, with ciliate upper margins.[4][5]

The pods are appressed-hairy, bearing 4-8 seeds.[2]

Bloom Period

April to July.[3]

Distribution

Chiefly west of the Cascades in Washington state, but also in southeastern part of state via the Columbia River Gorge; British Columbia south to California, east to Arizona.[5]

Habitat

Open, gravelly and sandy sites, prairies.[5]

Uses

Important nectar source for bees.[6]

Host plant for the Arrowhead Blue butterfly.[7]

According to Welch, there is documentation of Northern Pomo use as food, the whole plant, except the roots, baked and eaten as greens, and young greens eaten fresh.[8]

Several species in the Lupinus genus are important food plants.

Seed

Lupinus bicolor seeds, photo by Lisa Hintz

Seed sample from: 2011

Average Measurement: 2.4 x 1.9 x 0.9

Measurement Range: L: 2 - 3, W: 1.75 - 2.25, D: 0.75 - 1

Features

Color: Seeds mostly brown, speckled with brown, gray, off-white, and/ or black. Seeds have distinctive black splotchy line that crosses the lateral seed face to encircle the hilum, inside of which is another similar white line. Seed edges are less heavily speckled with dark colors, giving them a more off-white appearance.

Surface: Seed surface smooth and glossy, with some small concave pockets.


Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical LUBI-lat-crosssection.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical LUBI-long-crosssection.png

Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.


Photo Gallery

  • Photo by Anita Goodrich

  • Photo by Pat Montegue

  • Young growth, courtesy CNLM

  • Seed, photo by Lisa Hintz

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25966#null
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 In Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 12:03:17 PM ]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). Vascular plants of the South Sound prairies (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College Press.
  4. ↑ Teresa Sholars & Rhonda Riggins 2012, Lupinus bicolor, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, /eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31793, accessed on June 08, 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  6. ↑ Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin. (2018, November 30). https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LUBI.
  7. ↑ Miniature Lupine, Lupinus bicolor. California Native Plant Society. https://calscape.org/Lupinus-bicolor-().
  8. ↑ Welch, J. R. (2013). In Sprouting valley historical ethnobotany of the northern pomo from Potter Valley, California (pp. 87–87). essay, Society of ethnobiology.
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=Lupinus_bicolor&oldid=4997"

The Evergreen State College