Difference between revisions of "Marah oregana"

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'''Common name:''' Manroot, Bigroot
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* Scientific Name: ''Marah'' ''oregana''
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[[File:MAOR BenLegler veg avg.jpg|thumb|300px|By Ben Leger|]]
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* Family: Cucurbitaceae
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'''Abbreviation Code (Codon):''' MAOR
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* Common Names: coastal manroot, wild cucumber
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==Description1==
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* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Echinocystis oregana, Marah oreganus, Sicyos oregana, Megarrhiza oregana, Micrampelis<br> oregana''
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General: Perennial vine from a large woody root; stems herbaceous, leafy, bearing tendrils.
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* Codon: MARORE
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[[File:MARORE1.jpg |thumb|Photo by Rod Gilbert, also featured on Main Page]]
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=== Taxonomy ===
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{{Taxobox
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| image =
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| image_caption = Photo by Rod Gilbert, also featured on Main Page
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| name =
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| subclassis = Rosanae
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| ordo = Cucurbitales
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| familia = Cucurbitaceae
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| genus = ''Marah'' Kellogg
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| species = '''''Marah oregana''''' (Torr. & A. Gray) Howell
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| synonyms = *''Marah oreganus'' (Torr. & A. Gray) Howell
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*''Echinocystis oregana'' (Torr. & A. Gray) Cogn.
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*''Sicyos oreganus'' Torr. & A. Gray
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*''Megarrhiza oregana'' (Torr. & A. Gray) S. Watson
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=847533</ref>
  
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Leaves: Alternate, to 20 cm long, shallowly lobed and cordate at base.
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===Description===
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Native perennial, trailing or climbing with tendrils.
  
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Flowers: White, 6-12 mm across with 5 flaring lobes (or sometimes 6-8); male flowers in racemes, female flowers mostly single in axil at base of racemes.
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Leaves are alternate, palmately lobed, rough and hairy, and cordate at the base.
  
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Fruit: Green, weakly spiny, inflated gourd-like fruits 3-8 cm long with several large seeds inside.
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Flowers are unisexual, corolla campanulate and white, monoecious.
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====Description 2====
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Western Wild Cucumber is a member of the cucumber family (family Cucurbitaceae). Cucumbers are herbs, often trailing or climbing by coiled tendrils.
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The bladder-like fruits are sparsely to densely covered with flexible prickles that harden with age, dehiscent at apex when dry. <ref>Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). ''Vascular plants''
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==Bloom Period==
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of the South Sound prairies'' (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen''
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Flowering: Mid January - May (Oswald and Ahart 2002)
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State College Press.</ref>
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==Distribution==
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Majority of California. Streamsides, washes, shrubby and open areas below 1,600 meters (Hickman 1993).
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==Habitat==
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==Uses==
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Name comes from Hebrew ''marah'', bitter, from the intensely bitter root.<ref name=":0">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler,
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Chehalis Drug (Dermatological Aid) - Salve of root ash and grease applied to scrofula sores.
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B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual''.
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Seattle: University of Washington Press.</ref>
  
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Karok Drug (Dermatological Aid) - Poultice of roots applied to bruises and boils. Mendocino Indian Drug (Antirheumatic
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===Bloom Period===
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April-June<ref>WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum,
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& University of Washington. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Marah%20oregana</nowiki></ref>
  
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(External)) - Seeds and roots used for rheumatism or root rubbed on rheumatic joints.
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===Distribution===
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Southwestern BC southwards, west of Cascade-Sierran acis, to northern California, eastwards in Columbia River Gorge, northeast Oregon, and rarely Hells Canyon. <ref name=":0" />
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Mendocino Indian Drug (Dermatological Aid) - Root rubbed on rheumatic joints, boils and swellings.
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Mendocino Indian Drug (Poison) - Roots and seeds considered poisonous.
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Mendocino Indian Drug (Urinary Aid) - Seeds eaten for urinary troubles.
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Mendocino Indian Drug (Venereal Aid) - Seeds and roots used for rheumatism and venereal disease.
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Paiute Drug (Eye Medicine) - Decoction of peeled, sliced and dried root used for "sore eyes."
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Squaxin Drug (Analgesic) - Infusion of smashed stalks used as a soak for aching hands.
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Yurok Food (Beverage) - Young shoots and Polypodium rhizomes used to make tea.
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Mendocino Indian Other (Hunting & Fishing Item) - Roots formerly used as fish poison.
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Yurok Other (Toys & Games) - Fruit used by children to construct representations of animals by inserting twigs.
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Yurok Other (Toys & Games) - Fruit tossed by children at one another in play.
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====Ecotype====
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Seed collected along Butler Slough and Antelope Creek in eastern Tehama County, California
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====Propagule Collection====
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Clean seed may be rapidly collected from ripening fruits of after falling to the ground from early to late spring.
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====Propagule Processing====
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Large seeds, weighing 0.5-0.8 grams each, may rapidly be collected from ripening fruits from early-late spring.
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Pre-Planting Treatments: None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing.
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====Germination Rate====
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92% and 85%.
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====Establishment Phase====
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High germination rates (85-92%) were observed within 3-weeks of planting. Robust seedlings with deep, thick taproots were established by most individuals by the first spring.
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====Length of Establishment Phase====
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Sprouts were established within approximately 4 weeks.
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====Active Growth Phase====
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Active growth was observed within 2 weeks after seeding in fall. Plants produced a vigorous clambering vine which died back rapidly and completely by the end of the first spring.
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====Length of Active Growth Phase====
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Approximately 7 months, from fall through spring, plants senescing by the beginning of summer.
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====Hardening Phase====
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Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer.  
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====Harvesting, Storage and Shipping====
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Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit.
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====Length of Storage====
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2-4 months
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===Other===
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Look for the mostly 5-lobed white flowers and inflated gourd-like fruits. Compare with grapes (family Vitaceae) which have woody stems and more mumerous minute unshowy flowers. Look for the mostly 5-lobed white flowers and inflated gourd-like fruits. Compare with grapes (family Vitaceae) which have woody stems and more mumerous minute unshowy flowers.
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Flowering: Mid January - May (Oswald and Ahart 2002).
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Seed collection: March - June/July (seed may be collected on the ground within leaf litter below dried fruits duirng the latter part of the collecting period).
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This species has a very high germination rate and rapidly establishes a large, deep taproot with vigorous above ground growth.
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===Habitat===
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Bottomlands and open slopes at low elevations.<ref name=":0" />
  
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===Uses ===
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Squaxin use of an infusion of smashed stalks as a soak for sore hands, plant considered poisonous.<ref>Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=marah+oreganus</nowiki></ref>
  
 
===Seed===
 
===Seed===
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'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical  [[File:MAOR long.png]]
 
'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical  [[File:MAOR long.png]]
  
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===Photo Gallery===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:MAOR BenLegler sdh good.jpg
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File:MAOR BenLegler sdh good.jpg|Fruit, photo by Ben Legler
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File:MAOR BenLegler flw avg.jpg
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File:MAOR BenLegler flw avg.jpg| Flower, photo by Ben Legler
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File:MAOR DennisPlank sd good (2).jpg
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File:MAOR DennisPlank sd good.jpg
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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=== References ===
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<references />
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SOURCES:
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http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=MAOR3&display=31
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http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php
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http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/pnw/pnw401.pdf
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http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl
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http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAOR3
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http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Marah+oreganus]
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Hickman, James, Ed. 1993.
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The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002.
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Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS
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Latest revision as of 22:01, 20 March 2021

  • Scientific Name: Marah oregana
  • Family: Cucurbitaceae
  • Common Names: coastal manroot, wild cucumber
  • Synonyms/Misapplications: Echinocystis oregana, Marah oreganus, Sicyos oregana, Megarrhiza oregana, Micrampelis
    oregana
  • Codon: MARORE
Photo by Rod Gilbert, also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosanae
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Marah Kellogg
Species: Marah oregana (Torr. & A. Gray) Howell
Synonyms
  • Marah oreganus (Torr. & A. Gray) Howell
  • Echinocystis oregana (Torr. & A. Gray) Cogn.
  • Sicyos oreganus Torr. & A. Gray
  • Megarrhiza oregana (Torr. & A. Gray) S. Watson

[1]

Description

Native perennial, trailing or climbing with tendrils.

Leaves are alternate, palmately lobed, rough and hairy, and cordate at the base.

Flowers are unisexual, corolla campanulate and white, monoecious.

The bladder-like fruits are sparsely to densely covered with flexible prickles that harden with age, dehiscent at apex when dry. [2]

Name comes from Hebrew marah, bitter, from the intensely bitter root.[3]

Bloom Period

April-June[4]

Distribution

Southwestern BC southwards, west of Cascade-Sierran acis, to northern California, eastwards in Columbia River Gorge, northeast Oregon, and rarely Hells Canyon. [3]

Habitat

Bottomlands and open slopes at low elevations.[3]

Uses

Squaxin use of an infusion of smashed stalks as a soak for sore hands, plant considered poisonous.[5]

Seed

Seed sample from: 2011

Average Measurement: 16.8 x 17 x 8.5

Measurement Range: L: 15 – 18, W: 16 – 18, D: 8 – 9

Features

Shape: Seeds very large, rounded with a pinched looking hilum.

Color: Dark brown, with a lighter brown hilum. Under high magnification seed appears speckled with black.

Surface: Seed covered in very fine velvety hairs. Under high magnification seed appears slightly glossy, but with naked eye, seed is matte.


Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical MAOR lat.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical MAOR long.png

Photo Gallery

  • Fruit, photo by Ben Legler

  • Flower, photo by Ben Legler

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=847533
  2. ↑ Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). Vascular plants of the South Sound prairies (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  4. ↑ WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Marah%20oregana
  5. ↑ Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=marah+oreganus
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=Marah_oregana&oldid=5053"

The Evergreen State College