Difference between revisions of "Calandrinia ciliata"
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| − | * | + | * Scientific Name: ''Calandrinia'' ''ciliata'' |
* Family: Montiaceae | * Family: Montiaceae | ||
* Common Names: fringed redmaids, redmainds | * Common Names: fringed redmaids, redmainds | ||
* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Calandrinia'' ''caulescens, Calandrinia'' ''micrantha, Talinum'' ''ciliatum'' | * Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Calandrinia'' ''caulescens, Calandrinia'' ''micrantha, Talinum'' ''ciliatum'' | ||
* Codon: CALCIL | * Codon: CALCIL | ||
| − | + | ---- | |
| − | == Taxonomy == | + | [[File:CALCIL1.jpg |thumb|Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page]] |
| + | === Taxonomy === | ||
{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| − | | name = | + | | name = |
| + | | image = | ||
| image_alt = Calandrinia ciliata | | image_alt = Calandrinia ciliata | ||
| image_caption = Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page | | image_caption = Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page | ||
| Line 18: | Line 20: | ||
| familia = Montiaceae | | familia = Montiaceae | ||
| genus = ''Calandrinia'' Kunth | | genus = ''Calandrinia'' Kunth | ||
| − | | species = ''Calandrinia ciliata'' (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. | + | | species = '''''Calandrinia ciliata''''' (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. |
| binomial = | | binomial = | ||
| binomial_authority = | | binomial_authority = | ||
| − | | synonyms = *''Calandrinia ciliata var. menziesii (Hook.) J.F. Macbr. | + | | synonyms = *''Calandrinia ciliata'' var. ''menziesii'' (Hook.) J.F. Macbr. |
}} | }} | ||
| + | <ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=20464</ref> | ||
| − | ==Description== | + | ===Description=== |
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| + | Annual herb, spreading to erect with showy, pink flowers, to 30 cm tall.<ref name=":0" /> Stems simple or branched, glabrous.<ref name=":0" /> Leaves alternate, linear to oblanceolate, sometimes with elongate marginal hairs.<ref>Flora of North America. Retrieved | ||
| + | from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Calandrinia_ciliata</ref> Flowers axillary or in bractate racemes.<ref name=":3">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., | ||
| + | & Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an | ||
| + | illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 372.</ref> Sepals 2, unequal;<ref name=":0" /> petals 5, pink to white; stamens 3-15, free or connate; pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary and 3 stigmas, becoming a 3-valved capsule.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
| + | ===Bloom Period=== | ||
| + | April-May<ref name=":0">WTU | ||
| + | Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Calandrinia%20ciliata</ref> | ||
| − | == | + | ===Distribution=== |
| − | + | Southern British Columbia, west of the Cascades in Washington (where uncommon), both sides of the Cascades in Oregon, and California.<ref name=":0" /> | |
| − | Southern British Columbia, west of the Cascades in Washington (where uncommon), both sides of the Cascades in Oregon, and California. | + | ===Habitat=== |
| − | ==Habitat== | + | Vernally moist locations with well-draining soil.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| − | ==Uses== | + | ===Uses=== |
| − | Site Rehabilitation-Calandrinia ciliata is an early colonizer of disturbed areas. It increases in abundance following a fire because of the increase in nutrients and the decrease in competing grasses | + | Site Rehabilitation-Calandrinia ciliata is an early colonizer of disturbed areas. It increases in abundance following a fire because of the increase in nutrients and the decrease in competing grasses.<ref name=":2">USDA Plant Guide. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/doc/cs_caci2.docx</ref> |
| − | Wildlife-Many insects, small mammals, and birds, including wild doves (Zenaida spp), eat the seeds. Cattle readily graze on fringed redmaid plants. | + | Wildlife-Many insects, small mammals, and birds, including wild doves (Zenaida spp), eat the seeds. Cattle readily graze on fringed redmaid plants.<ref name=":2" /> |
| − | Landscaping-Fringed redmaids look lovely when grouped with other low-growing wildflowers | + | Landscaping-Fringed redmaids look lovely when grouped with other low-growing wildflowers<ref name=":2" /> |
| − | First Nations-Leaves and young shoots can be eaten raw, cooked or used as a garnish and make a tasty salad. Seeds can be eaten raw or ground into a meal. The seed can also be cooked as a piñole. The seed is very small and fiddly to harvest, especially since it ripens intermittently over a period of several weeks. However, it is rich in oil and was often collected in large quantities by native North American Indian tribes. | + | First Nations-Leaves and young shoots can be eaten raw, cooked or used as a garnish and make a tasty salad. Seeds can be eaten raw or ground into a meal. The seed can also be cooked as a piñole. The seed is very small and fiddly to harvest, especially since it ripens intermittently over a period of several weeks. However, it is rich in oil and was often collected in large quantities by native North American Indian tribes.<ref name=":1">Plants for a Future. Retrieved from https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+ciliata</ref> |
| − | Seeds and greens were an important food source for many tribes in California including those whose territory neighbored the Salinan. Given their importance and their abundance, they were undoubtedly utilized by the Salinan as well. The shiny black seeds were a major ingredient in pinole (from the Aztec word for seed flour, pinolli) and were valued for their high oil content. The Chumash called the seed xutash or pil | + | Seeds and greens were an important food source for many tribes in California including those whose territory neighbored the Salinan. Given their importance and their abundance, they were undoubtedly utilized by the Salinan as well. The shiny black seeds were a major ingredient in pinole (from the Aztec word for seed flour, pinolli) and were valued for their high oil content. The Chumash called the seed xutash or pil .<ref>Timbrook 1986</ref> The name pil is reported in Onlone usage for redmaid seeds (Bocek 1984). Fages (1937) names pil as the seed of a plant used by the Salinan. |
| − | The Miwok harvested the seeds in early summer | + | The Miwok harvested the seeds in early summer. <ref>Barrett & Gifford1933</ref> The plants were pulled and spread out on a clean area to dry. The seeds were separated by shaking or hitting the plants over the cleaned area or into a basket. Then they were placed into a tightly woven winnowing basket where they were tossed, allowing the moving air to remove any chaff. The seeds were then dried for storage or parched in a cooking basket along with hot coals. The contents were kept in motion to prevent the coals from burning the basket. The parched seeds were pulverized in bedrock mortars into an oily meal, which was then prepared into balls and cakes. |
Large quantities of Calandrinia ciliata seeds have been recovered by archaeologists in burial sites in Chumash territory in the Channel Islands of Southern California. Not only were the seeds used as ceremonial offerings, as evidenced by these burial sites, but also they are often mentioned in Chumash myths. | Large quantities of Calandrinia ciliata seeds have been recovered by archaeologists in burial sites in Chumash territory in the Channel Islands of Southern California. Not only were the seeds used as ceremonial offerings, as evidenced by these burial sites, but also they are often mentioned in Chumash myths. | ||
| − | The Luiseño ate the tender young greens fresh, which are said to taste similar to arugula. Fringed redmaid greens contain oxalic acid, like spinach, and should be eaten sparingly. Cooking reduces the amount of oxalic acid. | + | The Luiseño ate the tender young greens fresh, which are said to taste similar to arugula. Fringed redmaid greens contain oxalic acid, like spinach, and should be eaten sparingly. Cooking reduces the amount of oxalic acid.<ref name=":2" /> |
| − | Other-The plant contains oxalic acid, so it should only be used in moderation. Oxalic acid can lock up certain of the nutrients in food and, if eaten in excess, can lead to nutritional deficiencies. It is, however, perfectly safe in small amounts and its acid taste adds a nice flavor to salads. Cooking the plant will reduce the quantity of oxalic acid. People with a tendencies toward rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones and hyperacidity should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their condition. | + | Other-The plant contains oxalic acid, so it should only be used in moderation. Oxalic acid can lock up certain of the nutrients in food and, if eaten in excess, can lead to nutritional deficiencies. It is, however, perfectly safe in small amounts and its acid taste adds a nice flavor to salads. Cooking the plant will reduce the quantity of oxalic acid. People with a tendencies toward rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones and hyperacidity should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their condition.<ref name=":1" /> |
| − | ==Propagation== | + | ===Propagation=== |
| − | Plants are intolerant of root disturbance, they are best treated as half-hardy annuals and sown in situ in late spring. In frosty climates this species can become a self-sowing annual, the seed germinating in spring. Mix the seeds with ten parts moist sand to ensure even broadcasting. Broadcast the sand and seed mixture over the prepared bed and scuff or rake the seeds lightly into the soil. Water lightly and keep the soil lightly moist until the seeds sprout (generally within one to three weeks when temperatures average 20°C). The plants are moderately drought tolerant once established. Germination usually takes place within 1 - 3 weeks at 20°c. | + | Plants are intolerant of root disturbance, they are best treated as half-hardy annuals and sown in situ in late spring. In frosty climates this species can become a self-sowing annual, the seed germinating in spring. Mix the seeds with ten parts moist sand to ensure even broadcasting. Broadcast the sand and seed mixture over the prepared bed and scuff or rake the seeds lightly into the soil. Water lightly and keep the soil lightly moist until the seeds sprout (generally within one to three weeks when temperatures average 20°C). The plants are moderately drought tolerant once established.<ref name=":2" /> Germination usually takes place within 1 - 3 weeks at 20°c.<ref>Bird. R. ''Growing from Seed. Volume 3.'' Thompson and Morgan. 1989<br> |
| + | </ref> | ||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
| Crop Intervals | | Crop Intervals | ||
| Line 95: | Line 92: | ||
{{Basics}} | {{Basics}} | ||
| − | ==Photo Gallery== | + | ===Photo Gallery=== |
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:CALCIL2.jpg|Photo: Ben Legler, 2004 | File:CALCIL2.jpg|Photo: Ben Legler, 2004 | ||
| Line 101: | Line 98: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| − | ==References== | + | ===References=== |
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 21:43, 24 June 2021
- Scientific Name: Calandrinia ciliata
- Family: Montiaceae
- Common Names: fringed redmaids, redmainds
- Synonyms/Misapplications: Calandrinia caulescens, Calandrinia micrantha, Talinum ciliatum
- Codon: CALCIL
Contents
Taxonomy
| Scientific classification | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Subkingdom: | Viridiplantae |
| Phylum: | Tracheophyta |
| Subphylum: | Spermatophytina |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Montiaceae |
| Genus: | Calandrinia Kunth |
| Species: | Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Description
Annual herb, spreading to erect with showy, pink flowers, to 30 cm tall.[2] Stems simple or branched, glabrous.[2] Leaves alternate, linear to oblanceolate, sometimes with elongate marginal hairs.[3] Flowers axillary or in bractate racemes.[4] Sepals 2, unequal;[2] petals 5, pink to white; stamens 3-15, free or connate; pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary and 3 stigmas, becoming a 3-valved capsule.[4]
Bloom Period
April-May[2]
Distribution
Southern British Columbia, west of the Cascades in Washington (where uncommon), both sides of the Cascades in Oregon, and California.[2]
Habitat
Vernally moist locations with well-draining soil.[2]
Uses
Site Rehabilitation-Calandrinia ciliata is an early colonizer of disturbed areas. It increases in abundance following a fire because of the increase in nutrients and the decrease in competing grasses.[5]
Wildlife-Many insects, small mammals, and birds, including wild doves (Zenaida spp), eat the seeds. Cattle readily graze on fringed redmaid plants.[5]
Landscaping-Fringed redmaids look lovely when grouped with other low-growing wildflowers[5]
First Nations-Leaves and young shoots can be eaten raw, cooked or used as a garnish and make a tasty salad. Seeds can be eaten raw or ground into a meal. The seed can also be cooked as a piñole. The seed is very small and fiddly to harvest, especially since it ripens intermittently over a period of several weeks. However, it is rich in oil and was often collected in large quantities by native North American Indian tribes.[6] Seeds and greens were an important food source for many tribes in California including those whose territory neighbored the Salinan. Given their importance and their abundance, they were undoubtedly utilized by the Salinan as well. The shiny black seeds were a major ingredient in pinole (from the Aztec word for seed flour, pinolli) and were valued for their high oil content. The Chumash called the seed xutash or pil .[7] The name pil is reported in Onlone usage for redmaid seeds (Bocek 1984). Fages (1937) names pil as the seed of a plant used by the Salinan. The Miwok harvested the seeds in early summer. [8] The plants were pulled and spread out on a clean area to dry. The seeds were separated by shaking or hitting the plants over the cleaned area or into a basket. Then they were placed into a tightly woven winnowing basket where they were tossed, allowing the moving air to remove any chaff. The seeds were then dried for storage or parched in a cooking basket along with hot coals. The contents were kept in motion to prevent the coals from burning the basket. The parched seeds were pulverized in bedrock mortars into an oily meal, which was then prepared into balls and cakes. Large quantities of Calandrinia ciliata seeds have been recovered by archaeologists in burial sites in Chumash territory in the Channel Islands of Southern California. Not only were the seeds used as ceremonial offerings, as evidenced by these burial sites, but also they are often mentioned in Chumash myths. The Luiseño ate the tender young greens fresh, which are said to taste similar to arugula. Fringed redmaid greens contain oxalic acid, like spinach, and should be eaten sparingly. Cooking reduces the amount of oxalic acid.[5]
Other-The plant contains oxalic acid, so it should only be used in moderation. Oxalic acid can lock up certain of the nutrients in food and, if eaten in excess, can lead to nutritional deficiencies. It is, however, perfectly safe in small amounts and its acid taste adds a nice flavor to salads. Cooking the plant will reduce the quantity of oxalic acid. People with a tendencies toward rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones and hyperacidity should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their condition.[6]
Propagation
Plants are intolerant of root disturbance, they are best treated as half-hardy annuals and sown in situ in late spring. In frosty climates this species can become a self-sowing annual, the seed germinating in spring. Mix the seeds with ten parts moist sand to ensure even broadcasting. Broadcast the sand and seed mixture over the prepared bed and scuff or rake the seeds lightly into the soil. Water lightly and keep the soil lightly moist until the seeds sprout (generally within one to three weeks when temperatures average 20°C). The plants are moderately drought tolerant once established.[5] Germination usually takes place within 1 - 3 weeks at 20°c.[9]
| Crop Intervals | Annual |
Seed
Seed sample from: 2010
Average Measurement: 1.6 x 1.3 x 0.7
Measurement Range: L: 1.2 - 2, W: 1.1 - 1.5, D: 0.5 - 1
Features
Shape: Lenticular with a narrowly winged margin. About 1/2 the size of Montia linearis. CACI tends to have a slightly heavier lip near hilum when compared to MOLI.
Color: Black
Surface: Seed has bumpy texture and is very shiny.
Could be confused with: Montia linearis
Latitudinal Cross Section: rhombic 
Longitudinal Cross Section: rhombic 
Basic Explanations and Assumptions:
The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.
Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.
All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.
Photo Gallery
Photo: Ben Legler, 2004
Young growth, photo by CNLM volunteer Spencer Alexander
References
- ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=20464
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Calandrinia%20ciliata
- ↑ Flora of North America. Retrieved from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Calandrinia_ciliata
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 372.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 USDA Plant Guide. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/doc/cs_caci2.docx
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Plants for a Future. Retrieved from https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+ciliata
- ↑ Timbrook 1986
- ↑ Barrett & Gifford1933
- ↑ Bird. R. Growing from Seed. Volume 3. Thompson and Morgan. 1989
