Difference between revisions of "Camassia quamash"

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First overview block: Camassia quamash, Liliaceae, English Names,Common camas, Small camas, Swamp sego
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* Scientific Name: ''Camassia'' ''quamash''
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* Family: Asparagaceae
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* Common Names: common camas, small camas
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* Codon: CAMQUA
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[[File:CAQU RodGilbert flw 2009.jpg |thumb|Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2009. Also featured on Main Page]]
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=== Taxonomy ===
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{{Taxobox
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| name =
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| image =
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| image_alt = Camassia quamash
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| image_caption = Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2009. Also featured on Main Page
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Asparagales
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| familia = Asparagaceae
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| genus = ''Camassia'' Lindl.
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| species = '''''Camassia quamash''''' (Pursh) Greene
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| binomial =
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| binomial_authority =
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| synonyms =
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42883</ref>
  
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== Taxonomy ==
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=== Description ===
  
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*Kingdom Plantae – Plants
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Scapose perennial herb growing from a bulb, up to 7 dm tall.<ref name=":0">WTU
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*Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants  
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Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Camassia%20quamash</ref> Leaves basal, linear,<ref>Native Plants of North America. Retrieved from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=caqu2</ref> fewer than 10, up to 60 cm long.<ref>Flora of North America. Retrieved
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*Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
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from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Camassia_quamash</ref> Inflorescences racemose, to 30 cm long.<ref name=":0" /> Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; tepals 6, bluish purple, unevenly distributed with the lowest being apart from the others; stamens 6, yellow; pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary, slender style and 3 stigmas.<ref name=":1">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D.,
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*Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
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& Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an
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*Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
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illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 705.</ref> Tepals spreading irregularly when withering, not twisting together to covary ovary.<ref name=":1" /> Capsule 3-celled, 10-25 mm.<ref name=":0" />
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*Subclass Asteridae
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*Order Asterales
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*Family Asteraceae –
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*Genus Agoseris Raf. –
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*Species Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene –
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== Description ==
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=== Bloom Period ===
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April- June<ref name=":0" />
  
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General: Scapose perennial from a deep-seated bulb, the scape 2-7 dm. tall. Leaves: Leaves several, all basal, 8-20 mm. broad, considerably shorter than the scape. Flowers: Inflorescence a raceme, many-flowered, 5-30 cm. long; pedicels 10-20 mm. long, spreading, arched or ascending in flower, incurved-erect in fruit; flowers pale to deep blue or violet, somewhat irregular; tepals 6, distinct, 15-35 mm. long and 2-8 mm. broad, narrowed at base, lowest segment curved outward and downward away from the others, all withering separately and exposing the ovary; stamens 6, anthers yellow or blue, style slender, stigmas 3. Fruit: Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, 1-2.5 cm. long. A bulbous plant with basal clusters of narrow, grass-like, bright green leaves. The flowering racemes are 1-3 ft. tall with dozens of showy, star-like, sky- to deep-blue flowers. Light to deep blue-violet, star-shaped flowers in a raceme; several narrow, grass-like leaves grow mostly near the base. The three sepals and three petals all share the blue color. This species is sometimes so frequent as to color entire meadows blue-violet. Indians pit-roasted the bland bulbs with other leaves, and also boiled them, which yielded a good syrup. Another similar species is Leichtlins Camas (<ref>C. leichtlinii)</ref>, which grows only west of the Cascade Mountains, from southern British Columbia to the southern portion of Californias Sierra Nevada, and has radially symmetrical flowers.
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=== Distribution ===
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British Columbia south to California, east to the Rocky Mountains.<ref name=":0" />
  
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== Bloom Period ==
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=== Habitat ===
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Open, moist areas, often where dry by late spring, at low to mid-elevations in the mountains.
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== Distribution ==
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== Habitat ==
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Distribution Both sides of the Cascades, British Columbia to California, east to Montana and Utah. Ecological Setting Open, moist areas, often where dry by late spring, at low to mid-elevations in the mountains.
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Mesic to vernally moist meadows and grasslands in the lowland, steppe and montane zones (<ref>Douglas et al., 2001</ref>). Soil Texture Fine, medium or coarse soils Nutrients Nitrogen rich soils. Soil Reaction / Salinity 5.7-7.0 – no salinity tolerance, low CaCO3 tolerance pH 5.1 to 7.8 (<ref>Dave’s Garden, 2006</ref>). Moisture Regime High moisture use – no drought tolerance Shade Tolerance Shade-intolerant (<ref>Klinka et al., 1989</ref>). Successional Status In grasslands and meadows, it is most prevalent in initial and early seral communities, but also occurs in later seres.
 
Mesic to vernally moist meadows and grasslands in the lowland, steppe and montane zones (<ref>Douglas et al., 2001</ref>). Soil Texture Fine, medium or coarse soils Nutrients Nitrogen rich soils. Soil Reaction / Salinity 5.7-7.0 – no salinity tolerance, low CaCO3 tolerance pH 5.1 to 7.8 (<ref>Dave’s Garden, 2006</ref>). Moisture Regime High moisture use – no drought tolerance Shade Tolerance Shade-intolerant (<ref>Klinka et al., 1989</ref>). Successional Status In grasslands and meadows, it is most prevalent in initial and early seral communities, but also occurs in later seres.
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Seral species on moist sites. Fire climax on drier sites (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
 
Seral species on moist sites. Fire climax on drier sites (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
  
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== Uses ==
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=== Uses ===
  
 
Site Rehabilitation-Useful for prairie restoration (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
 
Site Rehabilitation-Useful for prairie restoration (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
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Landscaping-Common camas is planted as an ornamentalUse in meadows, grassy slopes and banks. Showy bloom with attractive seed heads. Excellent in borders, mixed borders and bulb beds. Very tough plant for exposed, hot dry sites once established (<ref>S. Bastin, personal communication</ref>).
 
Landscaping-Common camas is planted as an ornamentalUse in meadows, grassy slopes and banks. Showy bloom with attractive seed heads. Excellent in borders, mixed borders and bulb beds. Very tough plant for exposed, hot dry sites once established (<ref>S. Bastin, personal communication</ref>).
  
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First Nations-Common camas bulbs were eaten by western Indians, trappers, and early settlers. Many western Indian tribes also used the bulbs as a trade item. Staple root crop pre-European contact. Prolonged pit cooking converts the high levels of inulin inherent in Camassia to digestible sugars. Hence, Camassia was a sweetener as well as an important trade item. The gathering of Camassia illustrates local systems of land management: family plots were well tended throughout generations and kept clear of weeds and rocks, actively maintained by hand and controlled burns for long-term harvest (<ref>Turner, 1995</ref>). Cakes have been formed, cooked and dried for storage and trade (<ref>Pojar &amp;amp;amp; MacKinnon, 1994</ref>).
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First Nations-Common camas bulbs were eaten by western Indians, trappers, and early settlers. Many western Indian tribes also used the bulbs as a trade item. Staple root crop pre-European contact. Prolonged pit cooking converts the high levels of inulin inherent in Camassia to digestible sugars. Hence, Camassia was a sweetener as well as an important trade item. The gathering of Camassia illustrates local systems of land management: family plots were well tended throughout generations and kept clear of weeds and rocks, actively maintained by hand and controlled burns for long-term harvest (<ref>Turner, 1995</ref>). Cakes have been formed, cooked and dried for storage and trade (<ref>Pojar &amp; MacKinnon, 1994</ref>).
  
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Other-Common camas was planted for mountain grassland restoration in western Washington, using bulbs salvaged from a nearby area undergoing subdivision. Plants can also be established by fall planting of seed. Strongly associated with Coastal Douglas-fir (&lt;ref&gt;CDF&lt;/ref&gt;) Zone and its dry sub-zone characterized by the presence of Quercus garryana (<ref>BCMOF, 1999</ref>). Bulb - raw or cooked. The bulb, which can be up to 5cm in diameter, has a mild, starchy flavor when eaten raw, but a gummy texture that reduces the enjoyment of it somewhat. When cooked, however, it develops a delicious sweet flavor somewhat like sweet chestnuts, and is a highly nutritious food. Excellent when slow baked, it can also be dried and made into a powder which can be used as a thickener in stews or mixed with cereal flours when making bread, cakes, etc. The bulbs can be boiled down to make a molasses, this was used on festival occasions by various Indian tribes. The bulbs can be harvested at any time of the year, but are probably best in early summer when the seeds are ripe. One report says that the bulbs contain inulin (a starch that cannot be digested by humans) but that this breaks down when the bulb is cooked slowly to form the sugar fructose which is sweet and easily digested. Quamash bulbs were a staple food of the N. American Indians. The tribes would move to the Quamash fields in the early autumn and, whilst some people harvested the bulbs, others would dig a pit, line it with boulders then fill it with wood and set fire to it. The fire would heat the boulders and the harvested bulbs would then be placed in the pit and the whole thing covered with earth and the bulbs left to cook slowly for 2 days. The pit would then be opened and the Indians would feast on the bulbs until they could no longer fit any more in their stomachs. Whatever was left would be dried and stored for winter use.
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Other-Common camas was planted for mountain grassland restoration in western Washington, using bulbs salvaged from a nearby area undergoing subdivision. Plants can also be established by fall planting of seed. Strongly associated with Coastal Douglas-fir <ref>(CDF)</ref> Zone and its dry sub-zone characterized by the presence of Quercus garryana (<ref>BCMOF, 1999</ref>). Bulb - raw or cooked. The bulb, which can be up to 5cm in diameter, has a mild, starchy flavor when eaten raw, but a gummy texture that reduces the enjoyment of it somewhat. When cooked, however, it develops a delicious sweet flavor somewhat like sweet chestnuts, and is a highly nutritious food. Excellent when slow baked, it can also be dried and made into a powder which can be used as a thickener in stews or mixed with cereal flours when making bread, cakes, etc. The bulbs can be boiled down to make a molasses, this was used on festival occasions by various Indian tribes. The bulbs can be harvested at any time of the year, but are probably best in early summer when the seeds are ripe. One report says that the bulbs contain inulin (a starch that cannot be digested by humans) but that this breaks down when the bulb is cooked slowly to form the sugar fructose which is sweet and easily digested. Quamash bulbs were a staple food of the N. American Indians. The tribes would move to the Quamash fields in the early autumn and, whilst some people harvested the bulbs, others would dig a pit, line it with boulders then fill it with wood and set fire to it. The fire would heat the boulders and the harvested bulbs would then be placed in the pit and the whole thing covered with earth and the bulbs left to cook slowly for 2 days. The pit would then be opened and the Indians would feast on the bulbs until they could no longer fit any more in their stomachs. Whatever was left would be dried and stored for winter use.<ref>Useful Temperate Plants. Retrieved from http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Camassia+quamash</ref>
  
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== Propagation ==
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=== Propagation ===
  
 
Propagate from offsets or seed. Sow seed in a sealable container and refrigerate for 3 months or until germination starts. Germination is often poor. Seedlings take 3-4 years to flower.
 
Propagate from offsets or seed. Sow seed in a sealable container and refrigerate for 3 months or until germination starts. Germination is often poor. Seedlings take 3-4 years to flower.
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=== Seed ===
 
=== Seed ===
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[[File:Camassia quamash.jpg|right|250px|''Camassia quamash'' seeds. Photo by Lisa Hintz]]
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[[File:Camassia quamash.jpg|right|250px]]
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'''Abbreviation:''' CAQU
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'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
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'''Average Measurement:''' 2.8 x 1.8 x 1.8
 
'''Average Measurement:''' 2.8 x 1.8 x 1.8
  
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'''Measurement Range:''' L: 2.5 - 3.3, W: 1.5 - 2, D: 1.5 - 2.25 {{Basics}}
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'''Measurement Range:''' L: 2.5 - 3.3, W: 1.5 - 2, D: 1.5 - 2.25  
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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<br> Seed Storage Dry seeds can be dried and stored at 3-5º C for 2 to 5 years (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
 
<br> Seed Storage Dry seeds can be dried and stored at 3-5º C for 2 to 5 years (<ref>USDA, 2006</ref>).
  
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== photo gallery ==
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{{Basics}}
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=== Photo Gallery ===
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:CAQU RodGilbert flw 2009.jpg
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File:CAQU BenLegler flw good2.jpg|Photo:Ben Legler, 2004
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File:Untitled1.png
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CAMQUA1.png|Seedling, photo courtesy of CNLM
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File:2.png
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File:CAMQUA2.jpg|Open capsules. Photo: Shaun Hubbard, 2004
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File:CAQU BenLegler flw good2.jpg
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File:2.png|Seeds, photo by Lisa Hintz
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File:Camassia quamash.jpg
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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== References ==
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=== References ===
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<references />
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C. leichtlinii USDA, 2006 Pettinger and Costanzo, 1981 Wick and Evans Beckwith, 2004 USDA, 2006 USDA Dave’s Garden, 2006 BCMOF, 1999 Pojar &amp; MacKinnon, 1994 S. Bastin, personal communication Beckwith, 2004 PFF, 2006 USDA, 2006 Klinka et al., 1989 Dave’s Garden, 2006 Turner, 1995, CDF, Douglas et al., 2001<references />
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Latest revision as of 10:39, 25 June 2021

  • Scientific Name: Camassia quamash
  • Family: Asparagaceae
  • Common Names: common camas, small camas
  • Codon: CAMQUA
Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2009. Also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Genus: Camassia Lindl.
Species: Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene

[1]

Description

Scapose perennial herb growing from a bulb, up to 7 dm tall.[2] Leaves basal, linear,[3] fewer than 10, up to 60 cm long.[4] Inflorescences racemose, to 30 cm long.[2] Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; tepals 6, bluish purple, unevenly distributed with the lowest being apart from the others; stamens 6, yellow; pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary, slender style and 3 stigmas.[5] Tepals spreading irregularly when withering, not twisting together to covary ovary.[5] Capsule 3-celled, 10-25 mm.[2]

Bloom Period

April- June[2]

Distribution

British Columbia south to California, east to the Rocky Mountains.[2]

Habitat

Open, moist areas, often where dry by late spring, at low to mid-elevations in the mountains.

Mesic to vernally moist meadows and grasslands in the lowland, steppe and montane zones ([6]). Soil Texture Fine, medium or coarse soils Nutrients Nitrogen rich soils. Soil Reaction / Salinity 5.7-7.0 – no salinity tolerance, low CaCO3 tolerance pH 5.1 to 7.8 ([7]). Moisture Regime High moisture use – no drought tolerance Shade Tolerance Shade-intolerant ([8]). Successional Status In grasslands and meadows, it is most prevalent in initial and early seral communities, but also occurs in later seres.

Seral species on moist sites. Fire climax on drier sites ([9]).

Uses

Site Rehabilitation-Useful for prairie restoration ([10]).

Wildlife-Livestock, deer, elk, moose, and caribou graze common camas and pigs consume the bulbs.A good bee plant ([11]). Ungulates eat Camassia and gophers may even transport bulbs into new areas ([12]).

Landscaping-Common camas is planted as an ornamentalUse in meadows, grassy slopes and banks. Showy bloom with attractive seed heads. Excellent in borders, mixed borders and bulb beds. Very tough plant for exposed, hot dry sites once established ([13]).

First Nations-Common camas bulbs were eaten by western Indians, trappers, and early settlers. Many western Indian tribes also used the bulbs as a trade item. Staple root crop pre-European contact. Prolonged pit cooking converts the high levels of inulin inherent in Camassia to digestible sugars. Hence, Camassia was a sweetener as well as an important trade item. The gathering of Camassia illustrates local systems of land management: family plots were well tended throughout generations and kept clear of weeds and rocks, actively maintained by hand and controlled burns for long-term harvest ([14]). Cakes have been formed, cooked and dried for storage and trade ([15]).

Other-Common camas was planted for mountain grassland restoration in western Washington, using bulbs salvaged from a nearby area undergoing subdivision. Plants can also be established by fall planting of seed. Strongly associated with Coastal Douglas-fir [16] Zone and its dry sub-zone characterized by the presence of Quercus garryana ([17]). Bulb - raw or cooked. The bulb, which can be up to 5cm in diameter, has a mild, starchy flavor when eaten raw, but a gummy texture that reduces the enjoyment of it somewhat. When cooked, however, it develops a delicious sweet flavor somewhat like sweet chestnuts, and is a highly nutritious food. Excellent when slow baked, it can also be dried and made into a powder which can be used as a thickener in stews or mixed with cereal flours when making bread, cakes, etc. The bulbs can be boiled down to make a molasses, this was used on festival occasions by various Indian tribes. The bulbs can be harvested at any time of the year, but are probably best in early summer when the seeds are ripe. One report says that the bulbs contain inulin (a starch that cannot be digested by humans) but that this breaks down when the bulb is cooked slowly to form the sugar fructose which is sweet and easily digested. Quamash bulbs were a staple food of the N. American Indians. The tribes would move to the Quamash fields in the early autumn and, whilst some people harvested the bulbs, others would dig a pit, line it with boulders then fill it with wood and set fire to it. The fire would heat the boulders and the harvested bulbs would then be placed in the pit and the whole thing covered with earth and the bulbs left to cook slowly for 2 days. The pit would then be opened and the Indians would feast on the bulbs until they could no longer fit any more in their stomachs. Whatever was left would be dried and stored for winter use.[18]

Propagation

Propagate from offsets or seed. Sow seed in a sealable container and refrigerate for 3 months or until germination starts. Germination is often poor. Seedlings take 3-4 years to flower.

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Allow seedheads to dry on plant, then remove and collect ([19]). Common camas seeds can be collected as soon as the pods mature (turn light brown) or split open to reveal the mature black seeds. Pods ripen from late May-July depending on latitude, longitude, moisture conditions, or elevation ([20]).


FloweringTime April - June
Fruit Ripening Time May - Aug
Crop Intervals Perennial
No. of seeds per pound 117014

Seed Storage Dry seeds can be dried and stored at 3-5º C for 2 to 5 years ([21]).

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment For maximum germination, seeds should have 42 -100 days of cold, moist stratification at 1-5º C ([22]). Alternatively seed can be sown in trays or pots in the fall and allowed to break dormancy naturally ([23]). After fall sowing, one-leafed, grass-like seedlings will emerge in February or March under suitable conditions. Seedlings require moisture through the spring growing period to survive. Warm temperatures during seedling development can be lethal (USDA). Seeds can also be sprinkled on top of soil in flats lined with pea gravel. The flats should be a minimum of 15 cm deep and should then be kept in a semi-shaded location for many years. This will form a sod or turf which can be cut up and placed in gardens, meadow planting or landscaping ([24]).

Cold stratification required.


Seed

Camassia quamash seeds. Photo by Lisa Hintz

Seed sample from: 2011

Average Measurement: 2.8 x 1.8 x 1.8

Measurement Range: L: 2.5 - 3.3, W: 1.5 - 2, D: 1.5 - 2.25


Features

Shape: Narrow at hilum end, broadening out to a more rounded opposite end. CAQU slightly smaller than CALEI.

Color: Seeds black. Hilum more conspicuously contrasting seed color in CALEI than CAQU.

Surface: Seeds frequently pitted, glossy, and heavily wrinkled. CAQU tends to be more lustrous than CALEI. Seeds have a ridge that runs from hilum to opposite end.

Could be confused with: Camassia leichtlinii or Brodiaea coronaria


Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical CANUlat.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: obovate CANU.png



Seed Storage Dry seeds can be dried and stored at 3-5º C for 2 to 5 years ([25]).

Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.

Photo Gallery

  • Photo:Ben Legler, 2004

  • Seedling, photo courtesy of CNLM

  • Open capsules. Photo: Shaun Hubbard, 2004

  • Seeds, photo by Lisa Hintz

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42883
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Camassia%20quamash
  3. ↑ Native Plants of North America. Retrieved from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=caqu2
  4. ↑ Flora of North America. Retrieved from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Camassia_quamash
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 705.
  6. ↑ Douglas et al., 2001
  7. ↑ Dave’s Garden, 2006
  8. ↑ Klinka et al., 1989
  9. ↑ USDA, 2006
  10. ↑ USDA, 2006
  11. ↑ PFF, 2006
  12. ↑ Beckwith, 2004
  13. ↑ S. Bastin, personal communication
  14. ↑ Turner, 1995
  15. ↑ Pojar & MacKinnon, 1994
  16. ↑ (CDF)
  17. ↑ BCMOF, 1999
  18. ↑ Useful Temperate Plants. Retrieved from http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Camassia+quamash
  19. ↑ Dave’s Garden, 2006
  20. ↑ USDA
  21. ↑ USDA, 2006
  22. ↑ Beckwith, 2004
  23. ↑ Wick and Evans
  24. ↑ Pettinger and Costanzo, 1981
  25. ↑ USDA, 2006
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