Difference between revisions of "Brodiaea coronaria"

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'''Abbreviation:''' BRCO
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* Scientific Name: ''Brodiaea'' ''coronaria''
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* Family: Asparagaceae
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* Common Names: bluedick brodiaea, harvest brodiaea, crown brodiaea
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* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Brodiaea'' ''synandra''
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* Codon: BROCOR
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----
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[[File:BRCO_BenLegler_flw_good.jpg |thumb|Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page]]
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=== Taxonomy ===
 +
{{Taxobox
 +
| name =
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| image =
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| image_alt =Brodiaea coronaria
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| image_caption = Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis= Magnoliopsida
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| ordo =  Asparagales
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| familia = Asparagaceae
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| genus = ''Brodiaea'' Sm.
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| species = '''''Brodiaea coronaria''''' (Salisb.) Engl.
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| binomial =
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| binomial_authority =
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| synonyms =
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42803</ref>
  
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===Description===
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Scapose, perennial herb growing from a scaly corm, to 25 cm tall.<ref name=":0" /> Leaves basal, linear, withering before the flowers bloom.<ref name=":4">Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, S. (2016). ''Vascular Plants of the South Sound Prairies''. p. 116.</ref> Inflorescences bractate,<ref name=":5">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D.,
 +
& Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an
 +
illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 704.</ref> umbellate, 3-9 flowered.<ref name=":0" /> Flowers 3-merous; perianth of 6 connate, bluish-purple tepals; fertile stamens 3, stamenoidia 3, flattened;<ref name=":4" /> pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary, 1 style and 3 recurved stigmas,<ref name=":5" /> becoming a black-seeded capsule.<ref name=":0" />
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===Bloom Period===
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May - July<ref name=":0">WTU
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Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Brodiaea%20coronaria</ref>
 +
===Distribution===
 +
Primarily west of the Cascades, British Columbia to California; along the Columbia River, Yakima County, Washington, south through the Columbia River Gorge.<ref name=":0" />
 +
===Habitat===
 +
 +
Low elevation gravel outwash prairies, grasslands, and forests with, well-drained soil.<ref name=":1">Pettinger, A. & Costanzo B. (2002). ''Native Plants in the Coastal Garden: A Guide for Gardeners in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest.'' North Vancouver, BC: Whitecap Books Ltd.</ref>
 +
 +
===Uses===
 +
 +
First Nations- corms gathered with a wooden digging stick and eaten by the Wiyot, Atsugewi, Miwok, Yana and other tribes of California. The Miwok have dug the bulbs about the first of May when the shoots were just appearing above the ground. They cooked the corms in an earth oven. The Atsugewi boiled the corms in water and sometimes cooked them in an earth oven.
 +
Other-Climax species in dry open grassland sites. Plant 15 cm  Plant at the front of a sunny bed or rockery. Grow with Hooker's onion and broad-leafed stonecrop for good colour contrast. Plant with native bunchgrasses to provide support for the thin wiry flower stalks. Mix with nodding onion, common camas, satin flower and native bunchgrasses.<ref>USDA Plant Database. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/doc/cs_brco3.docx</ref>
 +
 +
Site Rehabilitation-Probably not a practical species choice for site rehabilitation
 +
Landscaping-Attractive when used in rockeries and front of borders. Plant 15 cm apart for best results. Mix with nodding onion, common camas, satin flower and native bunchgrasses (S. Bastin, personal communication; Pettinger and Costanzo, 2002<ref name=":1" />)
 +
===Propagation===
 +
 +
If planting flowering-size corms, they can be directly planted outside. Plant the corms in the fall in full sun. The less crowded the more the corms will offset. Plant them 2 to 4 inches apart and 4 inches deep. A well-drained soil that is light and loose will produce bigger corms. Water and weed the patch regularly and protect it from small and large mammals, insects, and birds. Keep the ground slightly damp. If given too much water the corms will rot. If it rains fairly regularly, don't water the area. When the leaves on the plants have turned yellow and dried up, stop watering. Allow the corms to summer bake. The plants should be well established after one year.
 +
Plant the seeds before October 1st in a container and care for them for two years before out-planting. Plant the seeds in six-inch pots because the corms will pull themselves down to the depth they require. Plant about 100 seeds per pot. Place them on top of the soil and sprinkle a little soil over them and put one-quarter inch gravel on top. Set the pots in partial shade so they won't dry out so fast. They can be outside or in a hot house. The seed does not need to be stratified. Start watering the pots right away and keep them slightly damp. Fertilize the pots in late winter and early spring and protect the plants from birds and other animals. If the pots are outside, let the rains naturally water the pots and in a drought year, supplement with hand watering. Stop watering as soon as the foliage of the plants turns yellow. Resume watering the next fall, if rains are insufficient. After the second year, separate the plants and transplant them two inches apart in the fall when the corms are dormant, and then water. Grow them for one or two more years or to bloom, repeating this cycle and then out-plant them in the autumn.<ref>USDA Plant Guide. Retrieved from<nowiki/>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_brco3.pdf</ref> Seedlings take 3 to 4 years from germination to flowering.<ref name=":2">GOERT Propagation Protocols. Retrieved from https://www.goert.ca/propagation_guidelines_temp/</ref>
 +
 +
Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1(a soil-less peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights).<ref name=":3">Native Plant Network Propagation Protocols. Retrieved from
 +
 +
https://npn.rngr.net/npn/propagation/protocols/liliaceae-brodiaea-2724/?searchterm=brodiaea%20coronaria
 +
</ref>
 +
 +
Seed emerged within two weeks.<ref name=":3" />
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Higher germination rates were observed in seeds that were placed in a growth chamber with alternating temperatures (40 degree days 35 degree nights) and 8 hours of light 16 hours of darkness.
 +
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Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction
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Collect ripe, dark-coloured capsules as they begin to split, and shake the seeds into a bag  July – August
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 +
Seed Storage
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If planting seeds of harvest brodiaea, store the seeds in a paper sack until autumn.
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Storage not recommended plant in fall.<ref name=":2" />
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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment
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====Vegetative Propogation====
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Plant division: Lift dormant plants and separate cormels. Air dry and store at 5ºC in slightly-damp peat moss until spring. Shallow-plant cormels in flats. New plants will form a corm and will bloom after one more year of growth  (Collect in Autumn, success rate "good")<ref name=":2" />
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OUTPLANTING CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS
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plants went dormant in mid summer and re-emerged in late fall.
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 +
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===Seed===
 +
 +
[[File:Brodiaea coronaria.jpg|300px|thumb|''Brodiaea coronaria,'' photo by Lisa Hintz]]
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2009
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2009
  
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'''Measurement:''' 1.9 x 1.1 x 1
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'''Average Measurement:''' 1.9 x 1.1 x 1
  
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'''Features:''' Seed taking a variety of shapes, mostly wide at the hilium and tapering to a point at the opposite end. Seed body puckered around hilium. Hilium reddish brown to dark brown. Seed black.
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'''Measurement Range:''' L: 1.4 - 2.75, W: 0.75 - 1.8, D: 0.8 - 1.2
  
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Seed longitudinally grooved very finely, and glossy.
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====Features====
  
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'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:BRCO-lat-cross.png]]
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'''Shape:''' Seed taking a variety of shapes, mostly wide at the hilium and tapering to a point at the opposite end.  
  
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''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' obovate [[File:BRCO-long-cross.png]]
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'''Color:''' Hilium reddish brown to dark brown. Seed black.
  
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[[File:Brodiaea coronaria.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Brodiaea coronaria]]
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'''Surface:''' Seed longitudinally grooved very finely, and glossy. Seed body puckered around hilium.
  
 +
'''Could be confused with:''' ''Camassia quamash'' or ''Camassia leichtlinii''
  
 +
'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:BRCO-lat-cross.png]]
 +
 +
'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' obovate [[File:BRCO-long-cross.png]]
  
 
{{Basics}}
 
{{Basics}}
 +
 +
===Photo Gallery===
 +
<gallery>
 +
File:BRCO_BenLegler_flw_good.jpg|Photo: Ben Legler, 2004
 +
File:BROCOR3.jpg|Photo: Shaun Hubbard, 2005
 +
File:BROCOR2.jpg|Seedling, courtesy of CNLM
 +
</gallery>
 +
 +
===References===
 +
<references />

Latest revision as of 20:54, 24 June 2021

  • Scientific Name: Brodiaea coronaria
  • Family: Asparagaceae
  • Common Names: bluedick brodiaea, harvest brodiaea, crown brodiaea
  • Synonyms/Misapplications: Brodiaea synandra
  • Codon: BROCOR
Photo by Ben Legler, 2004. Also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Genus: Brodiaea Sm.
Species: Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.

[1]

Description

Scapose, perennial herb growing from a scaly corm, to 25 cm tall.[2] Leaves basal, linear, withering before the flowers bloom.[3] Inflorescences bractate,[4] umbellate, 3-9 flowered.[2] Flowers 3-merous; perianth of 6 connate, bluish-purple tepals; fertile stamens 3, stamenoidia 3, flattened;[3] pistil 3-carpellate with superior ovary, 1 style and 3 recurved stigmas,[4] becoming a black-seeded capsule.[2]

Bloom Period

May - July[2]

Distribution

Primarily west of the Cascades, British Columbia to California; along the Columbia River, Yakima County, Washington, south through the Columbia River Gorge.[2]

Habitat

Low elevation gravel outwash prairies, grasslands, and forests with, well-drained soil.[5]

Uses

First Nations- corms gathered with a wooden digging stick and eaten by the Wiyot, Atsugewi, Miwok, Yana and other tribes of California. The Miwok have dug the bulbs about the first of May when the shoots were just appearing above the ground. They cooked the corms in an earth oven. The Atsugewi boiled the corms in water and sometimes cooked them in an earth oven. Other-Climax species in dry open grassland sites. Plant 15 cm Plant at the front of a sunny bed or rockery. Grow with Hooker's onion and broad-leafed stonecrop for good colour contrast. Plant with native bunchgrasses to provide support for the thin wiry flower stalks. Mix with nodding onion, common camas, satin flower and native bunchgrasses.[6]

Site Rehabilitation-Probably not a practical species choice for site rehabilitation Landscaping-Attractive when used in rockeries and front of borders. Plant 15 cm apart for best results. Mix with nodding onion, common camas, satin flower and native bunchgrasses (S. Bastin, personal communication; Pettinger and Costanzo, 2002[5])

Propagation

If planting flowering-size corms, they can be directly planted outside. Plant the corms in the fall in full sun. The less crowded the more the corms will offset. Plant them 2 to 4 inches apart and 4 inches deep. A well-drained soil that is light and loose will produce bigger corms. Water and weed the patch regularly and protect it from small and large mammals, insects, and birds. Keep the ground slightly damp. If given too much water the corms will rot. If it rains fairly regularly, don't water the area. When the leaves on the plants have turned yellow and dried up, stop watering. Allow the corms to summer bake. The plants should be well established after one year. Plant the seeds before October 1st in a container and care for them for two years before out-planting. Plant the seeds in six-inch pots because the corms will pull themselves down to the depth they require. Plant about 100 seeds per pot. Place them on top of the soil and sprinkle a little soil over them and put one-quarter inch gravel on top. Set the pots in partial shade so they won't dry out so fast. They can be outside or in a hot house. The seed does not need to be stratified. Start watering the pots right away and keep them slightly damp. Fertilize the pots in late winter and early spring and protect the plants from birds and other animals. If the pots are outside, let the rains naturally water the pots and in a drought year, supplement with hand watering. Stop watering as soon as the foliage of the plants turns yellow. Resume watering the next fall, if rains are insufficient. After the second year, separate the plants and transplant them two inches apart in the fall when the corms are dormant, and then water. Grow them for one or two more years or to bloom, repeating this cycle and then out-plant them in the autumn.[7] Seedlings take 3 to 4 years from germination to flowering.[8]

Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1(a soil-less peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights).[9]

Seed emerged within two weeks.[9] Higher germination rates were observed in seeds that were placed in a growth chamber with alternating temperatures (40 degree days 35 degree nights) and 8 hours of light 16 hours of darkness.

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect ripe, dark-coloured capsules as they begin to split, and shake the seeds into a bag July – August

Seed Storage If planting seeds of harvest brodiaea, store the seeds in a paper sack until autumn. Storage not recommended plant in fall.[8]

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment

Vegetative Propogation

Plant division: Lift dormant plants and separate cormels. Air dry and store at 5ºC in slightly-damp peat moss until spring. Shallow-plant cormels in flats. New plants will form a corm and will bloom after one more year of growth (Collect in Autumn, success rate "good")[8] OUTPLANTING CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS plants went dormant in mid summer and re-emerged in late fall.


Seed

Brodiaea coronaria, photo by Lisa Hintz

Seed sample from: 2009

Average Measurement: 1.9 x 1.1 x 1

Measurement Range: L: 1.4 - 2.75, W: 0.75 - 1.8, D: 0.8 - 1.2

Features

Shape: Seed taking a variety of shapes, mostly wide at the hilium and tapering to a point at the opposite end.

Color: Hilium reddish brown to dark brown. Seed black.

Surface: Seed longitudinally grooved very finely, and glossy. Seed body puckered around hilium.

Could be confused with: Camassia quamash or Camassia leichtlinii

Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical BRCO-lat-cross.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: obovate BRCO-long-cross.png

Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.

Photo Gallery

  • Photo: Ben Legler, 2004

  • Photo: Shaun Hubbard, 2005

  • Seedling, courtesy of CNLM

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42803
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Brodiaea%20coronaria
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, S. (2016). Vascular Plants of the South Sound Prairies. p. 116.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 704.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pettinger, A. & Costanzo B. (2002). Native Plants in the Coastal Garden: A Guide for Gardeners in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. North Vancouver, BC: Whitecap Books Ltd.
  6. ↑ USDA Plant Database. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/doc/cs_brco3.docx
  7. ↑ USDA Plant Guide. Retrieved fromhttps://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_brco3.pdf
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 GOERT Propagation Protocols. Retrieved from https://www.goert.ca/propagation_guidelines_temp/
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Native Plant Network Propagation Protocols. Retrieved from https://npn.rngr.net/npn/propagation/protocols/liliaceae-brodiaea-2724/?searchterm=brodiaea%20coronaria
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=Brodiaea_coronaria&oldid=5159"

The Evergreen State College