Difference between revisions of "Viola adunca"

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*[[File:VIOADU5.jpg|thumb|Photo by Ben Legler]]''Latin Name: Viola adunca''
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*''Scientific Name: Viola adunca''
 
* Family: Violaceae
 
* Family: Violaceae
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* early blue violet, blue violet, western dog violet
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* Common Names: early blue violet, blue violet, western dog violet
 
* Codon:VIOADU
 
* Codon:VIOADU
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----
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==Taxonomy==
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[[File:VIOADU5.jpg|thumb|Photo by Ben Legler, also featured on Main Page]]
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===Taxonomy===
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| name = Viola Adunca
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| name =  
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Tracheobionta
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Spermatophyta
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Magnoliophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
 
| classis = Magnoliopsida
 
| classis = Magnoliopsida
 
| subclassis = Rosanae
 
| subclassis = Rosanae
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| ordo = Malphigiales
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| ordo = Malpighiales
 
| familia = Violaceae
 
| familia = Violaceae
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| genus = '''''Viola''''' L.
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| genus = ''Viola'' L.
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| species = '''''Viola adunca ''''' L.
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| species = '''''Viola adunca ''''' Sm.
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| binomial_authority = Linnaeus
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| binomial_authority =
 
}}
 
}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22032#null</ref>
  
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==Description==
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===Description===
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Perennial from short to long, slender rhizomes. Usually stemless in the early part of the season, later developing aerial stems up to 10 cm tall. Starts to flower early in the growing season. Leaves generally oval to heart-shaped, hairy to hairless, blades to 3 cm long with fine round-toothed margins. Stipules reddish-brown or with reddish-brown flecks, narrowly lance-shaped margins slender-toothed or somewhat ragged. Flowers to 1.5 cm long, with a slender spur half as long as the lowest petal, petals blue to deep violet, the lower three often white at base and purple-pencilled, the lateral pair white-bearded. Fruits small capsules opening explosively by three valves<ref name=":0">MacKinnon, A., Pojar, Jim, & Alaback, Paul B. (2004). ''Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast : Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska'' (Rev. ed.). Vancouver: Lone Pine Pub.</ref>  
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Perennial herb growing from slender rhizomes with purple flowers, stemless to 10 cm tall.<ref name=":0">MacKinnon, A., Pojar, Jim, & Alaback, Paul B. (2004). ''Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast : Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska'' (Rev. ed.). Vancouver: Lone Pine Pub.</ref> Leaves simple, entire to finely crenate,<ref name=":1">Jepson Herbarium Online Flora. Retrieved from https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=79074</ref> 1-3 cm long, cordate-ovate, petiolate.<ref name=":2" /> Flowers 5-merous, solitary, axillary, zygomorphic; sepals 5, lanceolate;<ref name=":1" /> petals 5, lowermost larger and spurred (spur 3-7 mm<ref name=":1" />), upper 4 in 2 pairs;<ref name=":3" /> lower 3 petals white proximally with dark violet veins, lateral 2 bearded;<ref name=":1" /> stamens 5, connivent around pistil;<ref name=":3" /> pistil 3-carpellate with 1 style, globose stigma<ref name=":3" /> and superior ovary with parietal placentation becoming a 3-valved capsule.<ref name=":2" />
  
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===Bloom Period===
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April-August<ref name=":2">WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Viola%20adunca</ref>
  
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==Bloom Period==
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===Distribution===
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April-June
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Widespread, Alaska to California, both sides of Cascades, east to Atlantic.<ref name=":3">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D.,
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==Distribution==
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Grasslands, open forests, rocky slopes, dry to damp meadows, lowland to alpine; widespread, Alaska to California, both sides of Cascades, east to Atlantic.<ref>Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D.,
+
 
& Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an''
 
& Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an''
 
illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press''</ref>
 
illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press''</ref>
  
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==Habitat==
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===Habitat===
 
Dry to moist meadows, open woods, grasslands and open, disturbed ground from lowlands to near timberline<ref name=":0" />
 
Dry to moist meadows, open woods, grasslands and open, disturbed ground from lowlands to near timberline<ref name=":0" />
  
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==Uses==
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===Uses===
 
Ecological: Key food species for the larvae of the silverspot butterfly.
 
Ecological: Key food species for the larvae of the silverspot butterfly.
  
 
Landscaping: Native violets "can produce the right substitute with a restrained beauty" to exotics such as pansies. "This is an easy, dependable and lovely plant for rather dry, open woods or lower reaches of the rockery in sun or partial shade." <ref>Kruckeberg, A. (1996). ''Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest'' (2nd ed., rev. and enl. ed.). Seattle : Vancouver: University of Washington Press ; Greystone Books.</ref>
 
Landscaping: Native violets "can produce the right substitute with a restrained beauty" to exotics such as pansies. "This is an easy, dependable and lovely plant for rather dry, open woods or lower reaches of the rockery in sun or partial shade." <ref>Kruckeberg, A. (1996). ''Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest'' (2nd ed., rev. and enl. ed.). Seattle : Vancouver: University of Washington Press ; Greystone Books.</ref>
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==Propagation==
 
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Cold moist stratification improves germination.  To stratify outdoors, sow in container from November through January, allow exposure to rain, do not protect from frost, until after germination.  Best to sow several seeds into a single tray, pluck out and transplant individually in the spring. Emergence usually occurs once soil has warmed in April, sometimes May.  Seed should be brown in color.  Buff or pale colored seed indicates immature development. 
 
  
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==Photo Gallery==
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First Nations - Use by Blackfoot people as a dye. Use by several tribes as a treatment for external or stomach pain.<ref>Native
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American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Viola+adunca</ref>
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===Propagation===
 +
Cold moist stratification improves germination.  To stratify outdoors, sow in container from November through January, allow exposure to rain, do not protect from frost, until after germination.  Best to sow several seeds into a single tray, pluck out and transplant individually in the spring. Emergence usually occurs once soil has warmed in April, sometimes May.  Seed should be brown in color.  Buff or pale colored seed indicates immature development.<ref>Cascadia Prairie Oak Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.cascadiaprairieoak.org/documents/PAD08PROFILESdblpages.pdf</ref> 
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===Photo Gallery===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
File:VIOADU1.jpg | CNLM
 
File:VIOADU1.jpg | CNLM
Line 48: Line 52:
 
File:VIOADU3.png| Young leaf photo CNLM
 
File:VIOADU3.png| Young leaf photo CNLM
 
File:VIOADU4.jpg| Seedling photo CNLM
 
File:VIOADU4.jpg| Seedling photo CNLM
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File:VIOADU7.jpg|In fruit, photo by Robert T. George
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File:VIOADU7.jpg|In fruit, photo by Roger T. George
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==References==
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===References===
 
<references />
 
<references />

Latest revision as of 15:20, 30 June 2021

  • Scientific Name: Viola adunca
  • Family: Violaceae
  • Common Names: early blue violet, blue violet, western dog violet
  • Codon:VIOADU
Photo by Ben Legler, also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosanae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola L.
Species: Viola adunca Sm.

[1]

Description

Perennial herb growing from slender rhizomes with purple flowers, stemless to 10 cm tall.[2] Leaves simple, entire to finely crenate,[3] 1-3 cm long, cordate-ovate, petiolate.[4] Flowers 5-merous, solitary, axillary, zygomorphic; sepals 5, lanceolate;[3] petals 5, lowermost larger and spurred (spur 3-7 mm[3]), upper 4 in 2 pairs;[5] lower 3 petals white proximally with dark violet veins, lateral 2 bearded;[3] stamens 5, connivent around pistil;[5] pistil 3-carpellate with 1 style, globose stigma[5] and superior ovary with parietal placentation becoming a 3-valved capsule.[4]

Bloom Period

April-August[4]

Distribution

Widespread, Alaska to California, both sides of Cascades, east to Atlantic.[5]

Habitat

Dry to moist meadows, open woods, grasslands and open, disturbed ground from lowlands to near timberline[2]

Uses

Ecological: Key food species for the larvae of the silverspot butterfly.

Landscaping: Native violets "can produce the right substitute with a restrained beauty" to exotics such as pansies. "This is an easy, dependable and lovely plant for rather dry, open woods or lower reaches of the rockery in sun or partial shade." [6]

First Nations - Use by Blackfoot people as a dye. Use by several tribes as a treatment for external or stomach pain.[7]

Propagation

Cold moist stratification improves germination. To stratify outdoors, sow in container from November through January, allow exposure to rain, do not protect from frost, until after germination. Best to sow several seeds into a single tray, pluck out and transplant individually in the spring. Emergence usually occurs once soil has warmed in April, sometimes May. Seed should be brown in color. Buff or pale colored seed indicates immature development.[8]

Photo Gallery

  • CNLM

  • CNLM

  • Young leaf photo CNLM

  • Seedling photo CNLM

  • In fruit, photo by Roger T. George

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22032#null
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 MacKinnon, A., Pojar, Jim, & Alaback, Paul B. (2004). Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast : Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska (Rev. ed.). Vancouver: Lone Pine Pub.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Jepson Herbarium Online Flora. Retrieved from https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=79074
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Viola%20adunca
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press
  6. ↑ Kruckeberg, A. (1996). Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest (2nd ed., rev. and enl. ed.). Seattle : Vancouver: University of Washington Press ; Greystone Books.
  7. ↑ Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Viola+adunca
  8. ↑ Cascadia Prairie Oak Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.cascadiaprairieoak.org/documents/PAD08PROFILESdblpages.pdf
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