Difference between revisions of "Fritillaria affinis"

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* Latin Name: ''Fritillaria'' ''affinis''
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* Scientific Name: ''Fritillaria'' ''affinis''
 
* Family: Liliaceae
 
* Family: Liliaceae
 
* Common Names: mission bells, checker lily, chocolate lily, rice-root lily
 
* Common Names: mission bells, checker lily, chocolate lily, rice-root lily
 
* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Fritillaria'' ''camschatcensis, Fritillaria'' ''eximia, Fritillaria'' ''lanceolata, Fritillaria'' ''multiflora, Fritillaria'' ''mutica, Fritillaria'' ''phaeanthera, Lilium'' ''affine''
 
* Synonyms/Misapplications: ''Fritillaria'' ''camschatcensis, Fritillaria'' ''eximia, Fritillaria'' ''lanceolata, Fritillaria'' ''multiflora, Fritillaria'' ''mutica, Fritillaria'' ''phaeanthera, Lilium'' ''affine''
 
* Codon: FRIAFF  
 
* Codon: FRIAFF  
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[[File:FRIAFF1.jpg |thumb|Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2005, also featured on Main Page]]
 
===Taxonomy===
 
===Taxonomy===
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{{Taxobox
 +
| name = ''Fritillaria affinis''| image =
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| image_alt = '''''Fritillaria affinis'''''
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| image_caption = Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2005. Featured on Main Page
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| subclassis = Lilanae
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| ordo = Liliales
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| familia = Liliaceae
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| genus = ''Fritillaria'' L.
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| species = '''''Fritillaria affinis''''' L.
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| binomial =
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| binomial_authority =
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| synonyms =
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| range_map =
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| range_map_alt =
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| range_map_caption =
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=507870</ref>
 
===Description===
 
===Description===
  
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Perennial herb from a small, scaly bulb and numerous rice-sized offset bulblets, the unbranched, glabrous stem 1.5-10 dm. tall.''Fritillaria affinis''  
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Perennial herb with  growing from a small bulb with many rice-like offset bulblets, to 100 cm tall.<ref name=":0">WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Fritillaria%20affinis</ref>  Stems unbranched, glabrous.<ref name=":0" /> Leaves parallel-veined,<ref name=":2">Bowcutt, F., &
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Hamman, S. (2016). ''Vascular Plants''
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'''Leaves''' 1-2 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany) whorls] of 3-5 and scattered upward, lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long and 3-25 mm. broad.  
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of the South Sound Prairies''. p. 119.''</ref> whorled and scattered,<ref name=":3">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D.,
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& Legler, B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an''
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'''Flowers''' Usually 2-5 in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme raceme], broadly bell-shaped, pendant, strongly mottled, purplish to greenish or yellowish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepals Tepals] 6, lanceolate, distinct, 20-30 mm. long; the 6 slender filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; styles attached to each other about 1/3 of their length.Flowers usually 2-5 in a raceme, broadly bell-shaped, pendant, strongly mottled, purplish to greenish or yellowish; tepals 6, lanceolate, distinct, 20-30 mm. long; the 6 slender filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; styles attached to each other about 1/3 of their length. Fritillaria species do not flower regularly in nature, and so are described as shy-flowering.
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illustrated manual''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 684-685.''</ref> 4-16 cm, linear-lanceolate to ovate.<ref>Flora of North America. Retrieved
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from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Fritillaria_affinis</ref> Flowers actinomorphic, in nodding clusters of 2 to 5;<ref name=":2" /> tepals 6, brownish-purple and yellow mottled,<ref name=":3" /> lanceolate;<ref name=":0" /> stamens 6, included;<ref name=":3" /> pistil with 3 styles, connate near base;<ref name=":3" /> ovary superior, becoming 2 cm long, winged capsules.<ref name=":0" />
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'''Fruits''' capsules 2 cm. long, broadly winged.
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===Bloom Period===  
 
===Bloom Period===  
  
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February - June
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April - June<ref name=":0" />
  
 
===Distribution===
 
===Distribution===
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West of the Cascades, British Columbia to California; also, east of the Cascades, Washington and British Columbia to Idaho
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West of the Cascades, British Columbia to California; also eastern Washington and northern Idaho.<ref name=":0" />
  
 
===Habitat===
 
===Habitat===
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Prairies and grassy bluffs to woodlands and coniferous forests, sea level to fairly high elevations in the mountains
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Prairies and grassy bluffs to woodlands and coniferous forests, low to high elevations.<ref name=":0" />
  
 
===Uses===
 
===Uses===
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The bulbs of chocolate lily were eaten by most Coast and Interior Salish peoples, either boiled or steamed in pits. Chocolate lily, also called “rice root” by Native American peoples, has bulblets that look like grains of rice. The bulbs grow relatively close to the surface and are easily extracted.
+
The bulbs of chocolate lily have been eaten by most Coast and Interior Salish peoples, either boiled or steamed in pits. Chocolate lily, also called “rice root” by Native American peoples, has bulblets that look like grains of rice. The bulbs grow relatively close to the surface and are easily extracted.<ref name=":1">USDA NRCS Plant Guide. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_fraf2.pdf</ref>
  
 
===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
  
 
Propagates readily from seed, and the rice-like bulblets can be used for propagation. Most bulbs take 3-5 years to reach mature flowering stage.  When seed capsules form, they begin to split when they are ripe. Collect immediately, as seeds may be shed quickly. Let the seeds dry without heat, and store them until sown in labeled paper packets in a cool, dry, airy place. Do not use plastic bags, as the seeds are likely to rot. The best times to sow seeds are fall, but if seed is available earlier, sow immediately. Germination should follow in early spring.
 
Propagates readily from seed, and the rice-like bulblets can be used for propagation. Most bulbs take 3-5 years to reach mature flowering stage.  When seed capsules form, they begin to split when they are ripe. Collect immediately, as seeds may be shed quickly. Let the seeds dry without heat, and store them until sown in labeled paper packets in a cool, dry, airy place. Do not use plastic bags, as the seeds are likely to rot. The best times to sow seeds are fall, but if seed is available earlier, sow immediately. Germination should follow in early spring.
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The recommended potting soil for seed germination and emergence is a commercial sand-based mix; with one-quarter part coarse sand added if the mixture does not have a sandy appearance. Space large, flat seeds of Fritillaria one seed’s width apart. Sieve a light covering of the soil mix over the seeds so that they are no longer visible, and then cover with a generous layer of grit or aquarium gravel. Label the pots with the plant name, seed source, and date. Stand the pots in a shady place in the open garden, or plunge them in a sand frame, and keep them moist.
+
The recommended potting soil for seed germination and emergence is a commercial sand-based mix; with one-quarter part coarse sand added if the mixture does not have a sandy appearance. Space large, flat seeds of Fritillaria one seed’s width apart. Sieve a light covering of the soil mix over the seeds so that they are no longer visible, and then cover with a generous layer of grit or aquarium gravel. Label the pots with the plant name, seed source, and date. Stand the pots in a shady place in the open garden, or plunge them in a sand frame, and keep them moist <ref name=":1" />.
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When the seedlings have germinated, bring the pots into full light in a cold frame or greenhouse. Keep them moist until they show definite signs of dying down, and then water them very sparingly. Fritillaria seedlings should be kept slightly moist during this senescent period. Start watering again in early fall, or as soon as there is new growth, and keep the pots watered until the growth dies down. Leave most bulbs for two growing seasons before repotting, unless they grow vigorously. Larger bulbs are formed if these seedlings are fed the second year. Use a commercial liquid feed as used for tomatoes, but at half the manufacturer’s recommended strength. After two years, remove the bulbs from the pots after they have died back. Separate out the bulblets, clean them gently, and repot them in clean, moist soil. For Fritillaria species, use a soil mix of one part sterilized leaf mold, one part peat or compost, and one part sterilized soil, with a further 1.5 parts of coarse horticultural sand or seed-grown perlite. It is better to grow seedlings in pots for 3-4 years before planting them outside.
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−
 
+
  
 +
When the seedlings have germinated, bring the pots into full light in a cold frame or greenhouse. Keep them moist until they show definite signs of dying down, and then water them very sparingly. Fritillaria seedlings should be kept slightly moist during this senescent period. Start watering again in early fall, or as soon as there is new growth, and keep the pots watered until the growth dies down. Leave most bulbs for two growing seasons before repotting, unless they grow vigorously. Larger bulbs are formed if these seedlings are fed the second year. Use a commercial liquid feed as used for tomatoes, but at half the manufacturer’s recommended strength. After two years, remove the bulbs from the pots after they have died back. Separate out the bulblets, clean them gently, and repot them in clean, moist soil. For Fritillaria species, use a soil mix of one part sterilized leaf mold, one part peat or compost, and one part sterilized soil, with a further 1.5 parts of coarse horticultural sand or seed-grown perlite. It is better to grow seedlings in pots for 3-4 years before planting them outside.<ref name=":1" />
 
===Seed===
 
===Seed===
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'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2011
  
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[[File:FRAF LisaHintz sd 2012.jpg|thumb|''F. affinis'' seed, photo by Lisa Hintz]]
 
[[File:FRAF LisaHintz sd 2012.jpg|thumb|''F. affinis'' seed, photo by Lisa Hintz]]
 
'''Measurement Range: L:''' 5.5 – 7, W: 3.5 – 5, D: 0.2 - 0.5  
 
'''Measurement Range: L:''' 5.5 – 7, W: 3.5 – 5, D: 0.2 - 0.5  
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====Features====
 
====Features====
  
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'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical  [[File:FRAF long.png]]
 
'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical  [[File:FRAF long.png]]
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 +
=== Photo Gallery ===
 +
<gallery>
 +
File:FRIAFF2.jpg| Ben Legler, 2005
 +
File:FRIAFF3.jpg| Ray Izumi, 2012
 +
File:FRIAFF4.jpg| Green fruit, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2005
 +
File:FRIAFF5.jpg| winged dehiscent capsule, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2004
 +
File:FRIAFF6.jpg| Young growth, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2006
 +
</gallery>
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
 
−
===Photo Gallery===
 
  
 
<gallery></gallery>
 
<gallery></gallery>
 +
<references />

Latest revision as of 10:52, 8 November 2021

  • Scientific Name: Fritillaria affinis
  • Family: Liliaceae
  • Common Names: mission bells, checker lily, chocolate lily, rice-root lily
  • Synonyms/Misapplications: Fritillaria camschatcensis, Fritillaria eximia, Fritillaria lanceolata, Fritillaria multiflora, Fritillaria mutica, Fritillaria phaeanthera, Lilium affine
  • Codon: FRIAFF
Photo by Rod Gilbert, 2005, also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Fritillaria affinis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Lilanae
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Fritillaria L.
Species: Fritillaria affinis L.

[1]

Description

Perennial herb with growing from a small bulb with many rice-like offset bulblets, to 100 cm tall.[2] Stems unbranched, glabrous.[2] Leaves parallel-veined,[3] whorled and scattered,[4] 4-16 cm, linear-lanceolate to ovate.[5] Flowers actinomorphic, in nodding clusters of 2 to 5;[3] tepals 6, brownish-purple and yellow mottled,[4] lanceolate;[2] stamens 6, included;[4] pistil with 3 styles, connate near base;[4] ovary superior, becoming 2 cm long, winged capsules.[2]

Bloom Period

April - June[2]

Distribution

West of the Cascades, British Columbia to California; also eastern Washington and northern Idaho.[2]

Habitat

Prairies and grassy bluffs to woodlands and coniferous forests, low to high elevations.[2]

Uses

The bulbs of chocolate lily have been eaten by most Coast and Interior Salish peoples, either boiled or steamed in pits. Chocolate lily, also called “rice root” by Native American peoples, has bulblets that look like grains of rice. The bulbs grow relatively close to the surface and are easily extracted.[6]

Propagation

Propagates readily from seed, and the rice-like bulblets can be used for propagation. Most bulbs take 3-5 years to reach mature flowering stage. When seed capsules form, they begin to split when they are ripe. Collect immediately, as seeds may be shed quickly. Let the seeds dry without heat, and store them until sown in labeled paper packets in a cool, dry, airy place. Do not use plastic bags, as the seeds are likely to rot. The best times to sow seeds are fall, but if seed is available earlier, sow immediately. Germination should follow in early spring. The recommended potting soil for seed germination and emergence is a commercial sand-based mix; with one-quarter part coarse sand added if the mixture does not have a sandy appearance. Space large, flat seeds of Fritillaria one seed’s width apart. Sieve a light covering of the soil mix over the seeds so that they are no longer visible, and then cover with a generous layer of grit or aquarium gravel. Label the pots with the plant name, seed source, and date. Stand the pots in a shady place in the open garden, or plunge them in a sand frame, and keep them moist [6].

When the seedlings have germinated, bring the pots into full light in a cold frame or greenhouse. Keep them moist until they show definite signs of dying down, and then water them very sparingly. Fritillaria seedlings should be kept slightly moist during this senescent period. Start watering again in early fall, or as soon as there is new growth, and keep the pots watered until the growth dies down. Leave most bulbs for two growing seasons before repotting, unless they grow vigorously. Larger bulbs are formed if these seedlings are fed the second year. Use a commercial liquid feed as used for tomatoes, but at half the manufacturer’s recommended strength. After two years, remove the bulbs from the pots after they have died back. Separate out the bulblets, clean them gently, and repot them in clean, moist soil. For Fritillaria species, use a soil mix of one part sterilized leaf mold, one part peat or compost, and one part sterilized soil, with a further 1.5 parts of coarse horticultural sand or seed-grown perlite. It is better to grow seedlings in pots for 3-4 years before planting them outside.[6]

Seed

Seed sample from: 2011

Average Measurement: 6.1 x 4.5 x 0.4

F. affinis seed, photo by Lisa Hintz

Measurement Range: L: 5.5 – 7, W: 3.5 – 5, D: 0.2 - 0.5

Features

Shape: Seeds very flat and tear drop shaped. Seeds widely winged. Seed coat somewhat transparent, making seed body visible.

Color: Hilium is visible as a small darker brown dot on pointed end of seed. Seed is golden/brown/bronze.

Surface: Surface is lustrous and finely and erratically ridged, giving the seed an overall bumpy/pitted look.


Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical FRAF lat.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical FRAF long.png

Photo Gallery

  • Ben Legler, 2005

  • Ray Izumi, 2012

  • Green fruit, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2005

  • winged dehiscent capsule, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2004

  • Young growth, photo by Shaun Hubbard, 2006

References


  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=507870
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Fritillaria%20affinis
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, S. (2016). Vascular Plants of the South Sound Prairies. p. 119.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 684-685.
  5. ↑ Flora of North America. Retrieved from http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Fritillaria_affinis
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 USDA NRCS Plant Guide. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_fraf2.pdf
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=Fritillaria_affinis&oldid=5234"

The Evergreen State College