Difference between revisions of "Lomatium triternatum"

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===Plant Description===
 
===Plant Description===
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General: Perennial from an elongate and slightly thickened taproot, 2-8 dm. tall, the stems solitary or few, erect, covered with fine but stiff hairs.
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'''For the ''Lomatium'' genus, mature fruit shape, aspect ratio, and pedicel length are diagnostic.'''<ref name=":0">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler,
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B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual''.
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Seattle: University of Washington Press.</ref>
  
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Leaves: Leaves chiefly basal or low-cauline, but usually one or more reduced leaves on the middle or upper stem; leaves ternately or ternate-pinnately 2-3 times cleft into long, narrow or broader segments, 1-10 cm. long, highly variable in this feature.
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Native taprooted perennial herb, growing up to 8 dm tall, glabrous to finely hairy.<ref name=":1">Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). ''Vascular plants
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of the South Sound prairies'' (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen
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State College Press.</ref><ref name=":2">Lincoln Constance & Margriet Wetherwax 2017, ''Lomatium triternatum'', in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) ''Jepson eFlora'', Revision 5, /eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31469, accessed on  June 08, 2020.</ref>
  
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Flowers: Inflorescence of compound umbels, the rays unequal, 2-10 cm. long at maturity; involucre none, involucel bractlets inconspicuous; calyx teeth none; flowers yellow.
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Leaves are mostly basal or lower cauline, ternately to ternately-pinnately compound, leaflets linear to lanceolate-ovate.<ref name=":3">Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of
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British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis,
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Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 12:03:17 PM ]</ref><ref name=":2" />
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Inflorescence of compound umbels, corollas yellow, spokes of the umbel of unequal lengths, 2-10 cm long; involucels present.<ref name=":3" />
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Fruit +- 8-10 mm x +-3-5.5mm, elliptical, mature ribs glabrous to minutely hairy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
  
 
===Bloom Period===
 
===Bloom Period===
  
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April to July <ref name="Burke">http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Lomatium&Species=triternatum</ref>
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April to July <ref name="Burke">WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum,
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& University of Washington. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Lomatium%20triternatum</nowiki></ref>
  
 
===Distribution===
 
===Distribution===
  
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Throughout Washington and neighboring states, but more common east of the Cascades <ref name="Burke">http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Lomatium&Species=triternatum </ref>
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Southern Alberta and southern BC southward to northwest Montana, central Idaho, and throughout eastern Oregon and the sagebrush steppe of eastern Washington, prairies in south Puget Sound.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
  
 
===Habitat===
 
===Habitat===
  
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Dry to somewhat moist open areas, low to mid-elevations. <ref name="Burke">http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Lomatium&Species=triternatum </ref>
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Dry, open slopes and grasslands in the lowland, steppe, and montane zones.<ref>Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 4:10:24 PM]</ref>
  
 
===Uses===
 
===Uses===
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Many ''Lomatiums'' are important food plants.
  
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An infusion of the leaves and roots has been used in the treatment of chest complaints. An infusion of the flowers and upper leaves has been used in the treatment of colds and sore throats.
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Sx̌ʷyʔiɬpx use of dried flowers and upper leaves as flavoring for stews and other foods, also dried flowers and leaves taken for colds and sore throats.
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<ref>http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/l/lomatium-triternatum=nineleaf-biscuitroot.php</ref>
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Atsugewi use of roots as food, cooked in earth oven.<ref>Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Lomatium+triternatum</nowiki></ref>
  
 
===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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Seed matures in July or August. Seed disarticulates easily from stems.
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Requires extensive stratification, fall dormant seeding preferred.
  
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Germination began after 36 days of cold moist treatment. The majority germinated within the first 13 days, but continued sporadically for 67 days. True leaves appeared after 14 days. The seedlings were in the greenhouse for 77 days. Survival was about 53%. <ref>Dave Skinner
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Above-ground growth is slow, as plant establishes taproot. Many plants will not produce flowers and fruits in the first few years.<ref>Tilley, Derek; St. John, Loren.; Ogle, Dan.; Shaw, Nancy.; Cane, Jim. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coulter & Rose seeds; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: <nowiki>http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org</nowiki> (accessed 4 April 2012). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.</ref>
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PMC Farm Manager
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USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center
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Room 211A Hulbert Hall WSU
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Pullman, Washington 99164-6211
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509-335-9689
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509-335-2940
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abbie@wsu.edu
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www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/
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</ref>
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===Seed===
 
===Seed===

Revision as of 15:44, 8 June 2020

  • Latin Name: Lomatium triternatum
  • Family: Apiaceae
  • Common Names: triternate biscuit-root
  • Codon: LOMTRI

Taxonomy

Lomatium triternatum
Photo by Ray Izumi, 2010, also featured on Main Page
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Asteranae
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Lomatium Raf.
Species: Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose

Plant Description

For the Lomatium genus, mature fruit shape, aspect ratio, and pedicel length are diagnostic.[1]

Native taprooted perennial herb, growing up to 8 dm tall, glabrous to finely hairy.[2][3]

Leaves are mostly basal or lower cauline, ternately to ternately-pinnately compound, leaflets linear to lanceolate-ovate.[4][3]

Inflorescence of compound umbels, corollas yellow, spokes of the umbel of unequal lengths, 2-10 cm long; involucels present.[4]

Fruit +- 8-10 mm x +-3-5.5mm, elliptical, mature ribs glabrous to minutely hairy.[1][4]

Bloom Period

April to July [5]

Distribution

Southern Alberta and southern BC southward to northwest Montana, central Idaho, and throughout eastern Oregon and the sagebrush steppe of eastern Washington, prairies in south Puget Sound.[1][2]

Habitat

Dry, open slopes and grasslands in the lowland, steppe, and montane zones.[6]

Uses

Many Lomatiums are important food plants.

Sx̌ʷyʔiɬpx use of dried flowers and upper leaves as flavoring for stews and other foods, also dried flowers and leaves taken for colds and sore throats.

Atsugewi use of roots as food, cooked in earth oven.[7]

Propagation

Seed matures in July or August. Seed disarticulates easily from stems.

Requires extensive stratification, fall dormant seeding preferred.

Above-ground growth is slow, as plant establishes taproot. Many plants will not produce flowers and fruits in the first few years.[8]

Seed

Lomatium triternatum, photo by Lisa Hintz

Seed sample from: 2011

Average Measurement: 9.5 x 3.3 x 1

Measurement Range: L: 7.25 - 12.5, W: 3 - 4, D: 0.5 - 1.5

Features

Shape: Seed a schizocarp, winged, laterally compressed, and ribbed.

Color: On one seed face, there are three white ribs that run across a dark reddish brown surface. On the opposite seed face there is one rib that bisects the dark brown.

Surface: Seeds are matte.

Latitudinal Cross Section: rhombic LOTR-lat-crosssection.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical LOTR-long-crosssection.png


Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.

Photo Gallery

  • photo by Rod Gilbert, 2005

  • in fruit, photo by Robert Carr, 2011

  • mature fruit, photo by Craig Althen, 2010

  • Young growth, courtesy CNLM

  • courtesy CNLM

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). Vascular plants of the South Sound prairies (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lincoln Constance & Margriet Wetherwax 2017, Lomatium triternatum, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, Revision 5, /eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=31469, accessed on June 08, 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 12:03:17 PM ]
  5. ↑ WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Lomatium%20triternatum
  6. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2020. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2020-06-08 4:10:24 PM]
  7. ↑ Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Lomatium+triternatum
  8. ↑ Tilley, Derek; St. John, Loren.; Ogle, Dan.; Shaw, Nancy.; Cane, Jim. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coulter & Rose seeds; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 4 April 2012). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.
Retrieved from "http://wikis.evergreen.edu/pugetprairieplants/index.php?title=Lomatium_triternatum&oldid=4101"

The Evergreen State College