Difference between revisions of "Prunella vulgaris"

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[[______|300px|thumb|right|''Prunella vulgaris'']]
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*Scientific Name: ''Prunella vulgaris''
'''''Prunella vulgaris''''', or self-heal, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family.   Sometimes also called heal-all.
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*Family: Lamiaceae
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*Common names: self-heal, all-heal, healall
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*Codon: PRUVUL
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----
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[[File:PRUVUL1.jpg|thumb|Photo by Ben Legler, also featured on Main Page]]
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=== Taxonomy ===
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{{Taxobox
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| name =
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| subregnum = Viridiplantae
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| phylum = Tracheophyta
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| subphylum= Spermatophytina
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| subclassis = Asteranae
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| ordo = Lamiales
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| familia = Lamiaceae
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| genus = ''Prunella'' L.
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| species = '''''Prunella vulgaris''''' L.
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}}
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<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32381#null</ref>
  
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===Description===
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Perennial rhizomatous herb, erect to decumbant with blue-violet to white flowers whorled in terminal spikes, growing to 50 cm long.<ref name="UBC">[http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Prunella+vulgaris Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia]</ref> Stems square, solitary or clustered, glabrous to sparsely puberent.<ref name=":1">WTU
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Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Prunella%20vulgaris</ref> Leaves opposite, elliptic to broadly ovate, entire.<ref name=":2" /> Spikes bractate;<ref name=":0" /> flowers zygomorphic; calyx 7-10 mm long, green to purple,<ref name="UBC" /> bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip 2-cleft;<ref name=":0" /> corolla bilabiate, 1-2 cm long,<ref name=":1" /> upper lip entire, galeate, lower lip 3-lobed;<ref name=":0" /> stamens 4, didynamous; style 2-branched, ovary superior, 2-celled, becoming 4 nutlets.<ref name=":1" />
  
==Taxonomy==
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2 varieties in Salish Sea area, ''Prunella vulgaris'' var. ''lanceolata,'' a widespread native variety, with middle cauline leaves about one third wide as long and more tapering towards the base, and ''Prunella vulgaris'' var. ''vulgaris,'' introduced from Europe, middle cauline leaves about half as wide as long, with broadly rounded bases, stems often more decumbent than erect.<ref name=":0">Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler,
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B. et al. (2018). ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual''.
*Kingdom         Plantae – Plants <br>
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Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp.485-486.</ref>
*Subkingdom         Tracheobionta – Vascular plants  <br>
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*Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants <br>
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*Division         Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants <br>
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*Class         Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons <br>
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*Subclass       -  Asteridae <br>
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*Order     -  Lamiales <br>
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*Family         Lamiaceae – Mint family <br>
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*Genus         ''Prunella'' <br>
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*Species ''Prunella vulgaris'' – Self-heal
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==Description==
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===Distribution===
Perennial herb from an enlarged stem-base or short rhizome, fibrous-rooted; stems solitary or clustered, erect to spreading or reclining, 10-50 cm long, short-hairy to glabrous, 4-angled. All stem leaves or some basal; opposite, lanceolate or elliptic to broadly egg-shaped, 2-7 cm long, 0.7-4 cm wide, entire or obscurely toothed, glabrous or lightly hairy; stalks 5-30 mm long; lower leaves often broader with more rounded base than upper. Inflorescence of many flowers in dense terminal spikes, 2-5 cm long, about 1.5-2 cm wide, usually subtended by upper leaves; bracts kidney- to egg-shaped, about 1 cm long, reddish, tips pointed, margins hairy; corollas tubular, blue-violet or occasionally pink or white, 10-15 mm long in bisexual flowers, 8-11 mm long in pistillate flowers, fine-hairy inside, 2-lipped, the upper lip hood-like and entire, the lower lip 3-lobed with broad middle lobe; calyces dark green to purplish, 7-10 mm long, 2-lipped, lips longer than tube, the upper lip squared-off and with 3 short awns, the lower lip with 2 lanceolate spine-tipped teeth. Nutlets, 4 clustered together, egg-shaped, smooth. Two subspecies occur in BC. 1. Principal stem leaves egg-shaped to oblong (averaging half as broad as long), broadly wedge-shaped or rounded at base ssp. vulgaris1. Principal stem leaves lanceolate to egg-shaped (averaging one-third as broad as long), narrowly wedge- shaped to abruptly pointed at base ssp. lanceolata  <ref name="UBC">[http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Prunella+vulgaris Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia]</ref>
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Alaska south, both sides of Cascades to California, East to Atlantic.<ref name=":0" />
[[________|right|250px|Occasional basal leaves of ''Prunella vulgaris'']]
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===Habitat===
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Wet to dry roadsides, lawns, fields and open forests, low to high elevation. <ref name="UBC" />
  
==Distribution==
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===Propagation===
"Widespread throughout North America" <ref name="UBC"/>
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==Habitat==
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Common in Mesic to dry roadsides, waste places, lawns, fields and open forests in the lowland, steppe and montane zones. <ref name="UBC"/>
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==Propagation==
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Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed.  Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time.  Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size.  Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring.   
 
Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed.  Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time.  Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size.  Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring.   
<ref name="UBC"/>
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<ref name="UBC" />
  
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=== Uses ===
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''Prunella vulgaris'' has a long history of medicinal use everywhere it grows, as alluded to by its common name. <ref name=":2">Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). ''Vascular plants''
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of the South Sound prairies'' (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen''
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State College Press. p. 92.</ref>
  
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Fore example, use as a skin medicine for boils, cuts, bruises, and inflammation by Salish and Quinalt peoples, Haudenosaunee use as an infusion for shortness or heaviness of breath, or for beravement, Niitsitapi use as an eyewash to keep eyes moist in harsh winds.<ref>Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=prunella+vulgaris</nowiki></ref>
  
 
===Seed===
 
===Seed===
  
[[File:Prunella vulgaris.png|200px|thumb|right|''Prunella vulgaris'']]
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[[File:Prunella vulgaris.png|200px|thumb|right|Photo by Lisa Hintz]]
'''Abbreviation:''' PRVU
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'''Seed sample from:''' 2010
 
'''Seed sample from:''' 2010
  
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'''Surface:''' Seeds longitudinally striated with darker lines. Entire seed is very glossy, especially hilum.
 
'''Surface:''' Seeds longitudinally striated with darker lines. Entire seed is very glossy, especially hilum.
  
'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:PRVU lat elliptical.png]]
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'''Latitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:PRVU lat elliptical.png|20x20px]]
  
'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:PRVU long elliptical.png]]
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'''Longitudinal Cross Section:''' elliptical [[File:PRVU long elliptical.png|20x20px]]
  
  
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===Photo Gallery===
 
===Photo Gallery===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:PRUVUL2.jpg|photo by Ben Legler
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File:PRUVUL3.png|seedling, courtesy of CNLM
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File:PRUVUL4.png|seendling, courtesy of CNLM
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File:PRUVUL5.png|young basal growth, courtesy of CNLM
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File:PRUVUL6.jpg|courtesy of CNLM
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File:Prunella vulgaris.png| Lisa Hintz
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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===References===
 
===References===
<References/>
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<references />
 
''Prunella vulgaris''. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
 
''Prunella vulgaris''. ''E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia'' [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Latest revision as of 16:33, 29 June 2021

  • Scientific Name: Prunella vulgaris
  • Family: Lamiaceae
  • Common names: self-heal, all-heal, healall
  • Codon: PRUVUL

Photo by Ben Legler, also featured on Main Page

Taxonomy

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Asteranae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Prunella L.
Species: Prunella vulgaris L.

[1]

Description

Perennial rhizomatous herb, erect to decumbant with blue-violet to white flowers whorled in terminal spikes, growing to 50 cm long.[2] Stems square, solitary or clustered, glabrous to sparsely puberent.[3] Leaves opposite, elliptic to broadly ovate, entire.[4] Spikes bractate;[5] flowers zygomorphic; calyx 7-10 mm long, green to purple,[2] bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip 2-cleft;[5] corolla bilabiate, 1-2 cm long,[3] upper lip entire, galeate, lower lip 3-lobed;[5] stamens 4, didynamous; style 2-branched, ovary superior, 2-celled, becoming 4 nutlets.[3]

2 varieties in Salish Sea area, Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata, a widespread native variety, with middle cauline leaves about one third wide as long and more tapering towards the base, and Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris, introduced from Europe, middle cauline leaves about half as wide as long, with broadly rounded bases, stems often more decumbent than erect.[5]

Distribution

Alaska south, both sides of Cascades to California, East to Atlantic.[5]

Habitat

Wet to dry roadsides, lawns, fields and open forests, low to high elevation. [2]

Propagation

Prunella vulgaris can be propagated by stolon, division, or seed. Propagation by stolon yields larger plants in a shorter amount of growing time. Stolons root wherever they touch soil. Cold-stratify seeds for approximately one month. Seeds can be started in flats, and when the plants are large enough to handle (approximately eight weeks) they can be transplanted into individual pots and grown to the desired size. Seeds may also be sown directly on site, preferably in late Fall to early Spring. [2]

Uses

Prunella vulgaris has a long history of medicinal use everywhere it grows, as alluded to by its common name. [4]

Fore example, use as a skin medicine for boils, cuts, bruises, and inflammation by Salish and Quinalt peoples, Haudenosaunee use as an infusion for shortness or heaviness of breath, or for beravement, Niitsitapi use as an eyewash to keep eyes moist in harsh winds.[6]

Seed

Photo by Lisa Hintz

Seed sample from: 2010

Average Measurement: 2.1 x 1.6 x 1.1

Measurement Range: L: 1.8 - 2.3, W: 1.3 - 1.9, D: 0.75 - 1.2

Features

Shape: Seeds narrow at hilum end and broadening at opposite apex. Hilum protruding in a “v” or “u” shape.

Color: Seeds dark brown with black ribbing. Hilum white.

Surface: Seeds longitudinally striated with darker lines. Entire seed is very glossy, especially hilum.

Latitudinal Cross Section: elliptical PRVU lat elliptical.png

Longitudinal Cross Section: elliptical PRVU long elliptical.png


Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.

Photo Gallery

References

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32381#null
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, & University of Washington. Retrieved from https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Prunella%20vulgaris
  4. 4.0 4.1 Bowcutt, F., & Hamman, Sarah. (2016). Vascular plants of the South Sound prairies (First ed.). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College Press. p. 92.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Giblin, D., & Legler, B. et al. (2018). Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp.485-486.
  6. Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved from http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=prunella+vulgaris

Prunella vulgaris. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.