Difference between revisions of "Toxicoscordion venenosum"

From Puget Prairie Plants
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Toxicoscordion venenosum var. venenosum, Melanthiaceae, Death Camas, Meadow Death Camas, Common Death Camas, Deadly Zigadenus
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Toxicoscordion venenosum var. venenosum, formerly Zigadenus venenosus, Death Camas, Meadow Death Camas, Common Death Camas, Deadly Zigadenus
 
[[File:ZIVE PatMontegue flw good.jpg|250px|thumb|Toxicoscordion venenosum]]
 
[[File:ZIVE PatMontegue flw good.jpg|250px|thumb|Toxicoscordion venenosum]]
  
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==Description==
 
==Description==
General: Glabrous perennial herbs from an onion-like bulb, the simple stem 2-5 dm. tall.
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General: Glabrous perennial herb from an onion-like bulb, the simple stem 2-5 dm. tall.
 
Leaves: Leaves mostly basal, linear, keeled, 1-3 dm. long and 3-6 mm. broad; cauline leaves strongly reduced upward.
 
Leaves: Leaves mostly basal, linear, keeled, 1-3 dm. long and 3-6 mm. broad; cauline leaves strongly reduced upward.
Flowers: Inflorescence a raceme (but sometimes the raceme branched at the base) up to 1.5 dm. long, the flowers all perfect; perianth white to cream-colored, bell-shaped; tepals 6, unequal, the outer 4.5-5 mm. long, short-clawed, the inner about 0.5 mm. longer with a narrower, slightly longer claw; the gland at the base of each tepal yellowish-green, broader than long; stamens 6, about equal to the tepals; styles 3, distinct, 2-3 mm. long.
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Flowers: Inflorescence a raceme (but sometimes the raceme branched at the base) up to 1.5 dm. long, the flowers all perfect; perianth white to cream-colored, bell-shaped; tepals 6, slightly unequal, the outer 4.5-5 mm. long, short-clawed, the inner about 0.5 mm. longer with a narrower, slightly longer claw; the gland at the base of each tepal yellowish-green, broader than long; stamens 6, about equal to the tepals; styles 3, distinct, 2-3 mm. long.
 
Fruit: Capsule 8-15 mm. long.
 
Fruit: Capsule 8-15 mm. long.
  
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
British Columbia to Baja California, east to the Dakotas; var. venenosum more common west of the Cascades in Washington, var. graminaeum common in Eastern WA.
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British Columbia to Baja California, east to the Dakotas; var. venenosum more common west of the Cascades in Washington, var. graminaeum common in Eastern WA.<ref name=":0">Hitchcock, C. Leo, Cronquist, Arthur, Giblin, David, Legler, Ben, Zika,
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Peter F., Olmstead, Richard G., Janish, Jeanne R., Rumely, John H.,
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Shin, Crystal, and Porcino, Natsuko. ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest : An Illustrated Manual''. Second ed. Seattle: U of Washington ; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 2018. Print.</ref>
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
Ecological Setting Coastal bluffs and prairies, and moister areas of shrub-steppe and mountain meadows
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Ecological Setting Coastal bluffs and prairies, grassy hillsides, and moister areas of shrub-steppe and open pine woodlands<ref name=":0" />
 
==Uses ==
 
==Uses ==
 
First Nations-Used as a violent emetic, sometimes mixed with blue flag; poultice of mashed roots applied to rheumatism, boils, bruises, sprains, sore legs, burns, swellings, rattlesnake bites, and broken bones to speed healing; mashed roots sometimes used as an arrow poison
 
First Nations-Used as a violent emetic, sometimes mixed with blue flag; poultice of mashed roots applied to rheumatism, boils, bruises, sprains, sore legs, burns, swellings, rattlesnake bites, and broken bones to speed healing; mashed roots sometimes used as an arrow poison
 
==Propagation==
 
This plant is highly toxic and can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative source
 
 
==Seed==
 
==Seed==
  
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File:ZIVE BenLegler sdh good.jpg
 
File:ZIVE BenLegler sdh good.jpg
 
File:ZIVE PatMontegue flw good.jpg
 
File:ZIVE PatMontegue flw good.jpg
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File:Toxicoscordionseedling.jpg
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>

Revision as of 20:01, 12 April 2020

Toxicoscordion venenosum var. venenosum, formerly Zigadenus venenosus, Death Camas, Meadow Death Camas, Common Death Camas, Deadly Zigadenus

Toxicoscordion venenosum


Taxonomy

Toxicoscordion venenosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Lilidae
Order: Liales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Toxicoscordion V.
Species: Toxicoscordion venenosum Rydb.
Synonyms

Zigadenus venenosus

Description

General: Glabrous perennial herb from an onion-like bulb, the simple stem 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves: Leaves mostly basal, linear, keeled, 1-3 dm. long and 3-6 mm. broad; cauline leaves strongly reduced upward. Flowers: Inflorescence a raceme (but sometimes the raceme branched at the base) up to 1.5 dm. long, the flowers all perfect; perianth white to cream-colored, bell-shaped; tepals 6, slightly unequal, the outer 4.5-5 mm. long, short-clawed, the inner about 0.5 mm. longer with a narrower, slightly longer claw; the gland at the base of each tepal yellowish-green, broader than long; stamens 6, about equal to the tepals; styles 3, distinct, 2-3 mm. long. Fruit: Capsule 8-15 mm. long.

Bloom Period

April-July

Distribution

British Columbia to Baja California, east to the Dakotas; var. venenosum more common west of the Cascades in Washington, var. graminaeum common in Eastern WA.[1]

Habitat

Ecological Setting Coastal bluffs and prairies, grassy hillsides, and moister areas of shrub-steppe and open pine woodlands[1]

Uses

First Nations-Used as a violent emetic, sometimes mixed with blue flag; poultice of mashed roots applied to rheumatism, boils, bruises, sprains, sore legs, burns, swellings, rattlesnake bites, and broken bones to speed healing; mashed roots sometimes used as an arrow poison

Seed

Basic Explanations and Assumptions:

The dimensions for the seeds are length x width x depth. The location of the hilum is used as the base of the seed, and the length is measured from hilum to the opposite apex. Where a style is present, the length is measured from the hilum to the bottom of the style. Width is measured at a right angle to the length at the widest part. Depth is measured at a right angle to the intersection of height and width lines.

Measurements included are the mean average for each measurement of ten separate seeds.

All measurements in millimeters unless otherwise noted.

References

Photo Gallery

  1. 1.0 1.1 Hitchcock, C. Leo, Cronquist, Arthur, Giblin, David, Legler, Ben, Zika, Peter F., Olmstead, Richard G., Janish, Jeanne R., Rumely, John H., Shin, Crystal, and Porcino, Natsuko. Flora of the Pacific Northwest : An Illustrated Manual. Second ed. Seattle: U of Washington ; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 2018. Print.